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Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA, 1989)
An international agreement that introduced individual screening of Indochinese asylum seekers to distinguish refugees from economic migrants. Those not recognised as refugees were to be repatriated, ideally voluntarily.
Orderly Departure Program (ODP)
A legal emigration channel created after the 1979 Geneva Conference that allowed Vietnamese to apply to leave Vietnam directly, bypassing dangerous sea crossings. Between 1979 and 1997, the ODP processed over 623,000 emigrants, mostly to the United States.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
The UN agency responsible for protecting refugees and finding durable solutions for them. In the Indochinese crisis, UNHCR coordinated camp management, screening processes, resettlement, and repatriation across Southeast Asia.