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Einsatzgruppen
Mobile SS killing units (literally "deployment groups") that followed the Wehrmacht into the Soviet Union from June 1941. Organised into four groups (A, B, C, D), they were tasked with killing Jews, Soviet political commissars, and other designated enemies. By mid-1942 they had killed approximately 1.5 million Jews. The Einsatzgruppen conducted the "Holocaust by bullets," the first phase of the genocide before the shift to industrialised killing in death camps.