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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
A decade-long campaign launched by Mao in 1966 to purge the Communist Party of perceived counter-revolutionaries and reassert his own authority after the failures of the Great Leap Forward. It mobilised millions of Red Guards to attack the "Four Olds", closed schools and universities, and caused widespread social and political chaos until Mao's death in 1976.
Tibetan Uprising (1959)
A national revolt against Chinese rule in Tibet, triggered partly by fears for the Dalai Lama's safety and worsened by famine caused by Mao's agricultural reforms; it was crushed by the People's Liberation Army, after which the Dalai Lama fled into exile in India.