IB History Nasser: How Was Authoritarian Rule Challenged? Key Definitions

Mass protests by workers and students in Helwan and Cairo in February 1968, triggered by lenient sentences given to military officers blamed for Egypt's defeat in the 1967 Six-Day War.

A major hydroelectric and irrigation dam on the Nile, funded primarily by the Soviet Union after the US and Britain withdrew financing, completed in 1970 as a flagship project of Nasser's modernisation programme.

A package of political reforms announced by Nasser in March 1968 in response to popular unrest, promising greater freedoms and accountability, though only partially implemented.

An Islamist political organization founded in Egypt in 1928. Initially supportive of the Free Officers, it was banned by Nasser in 1954 after an assassination attempt, and its members were imprisoned or exiled.

A costly military intervention by Egypt from 1962 to 1967 in support of republican forces in Yemen's civil war, which drained Egyptian resources and weakened military readiness before the 1967 war.

A brief but decisive war in June 1967 in which Israel defeated the combined forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, resulting in Egypt's loss of the Sinai Peninsula and a major blow to Nasser's prestige.

A short-lived political union between Egypt and Syria (1958-1961), created under Nasser's leadership as a step towards Pan-Arab unity. It collapsed when Syria withdrew after a military coup.