IB History How Did the Protest Movement Challenge Authority? Key Definitions

A wave of pro-democracy uprisings that swept across the Middle East and North Africa beginning in late 2010. Starting with Tunisia's revolution, it spread to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain and other countries. Outcomes varied widely, from democratic transitions to civil wars and restored authoritarianism.

A system of government where power is concentrated in a single leader or small group, with limited political freedoms, restricted media, and little accountability to the population. In Egypt, authoritarian rule persisted from the 1952 Free Officers' coup through Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak, and was restored under el-Sisi after 2013.

The deliberate, non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws or government demands, as a form of political protest. Gandhi's civil disobedience campaigns (1930-1934) involved mass law-breaking, including the Salt March, refusal to pay taxes, and boycotts of British goods and institutions.

The use of digital tools, social media platforms, and online networks to organize political action, spread information, and challenge authority.

The coalition of four Tunisian civil society organizations that mediated the 2013 political crisis: the UGTT (trade union confederation), UTICA (employers' federation), the LTDH (Tunisian Human Rights League), and the Order of Lawyers. The Quartet brokered a peaceful transfer of power and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015.

The act of setting oneself on fire as a form of protest. It is a dramatic and extreme act used to draw public attention to injustice.

In Tunisian politics, the three-party coalition government formed after the October 2011 elections, consisting of Ennahda, the Congress for the Republic (CPR), and Ettakatol. The term reflected the shared power arrangement among three distinct political forces.