IB History Effectiveness of Solutions in the USA and Canada Key Definitions

Canada's constitutional framework (1867) that divided powers between federal and provincial governments, assigning social welfare, property, and civil rights to the provinces.

King's governing philosophy that held relief and social policy to be the constitutional responsibility of the provinces under the British North America Act, not the federal government. This position limited federal action during the Depression but was constitutionally defensible.

A Canadian democratic socialist political party founded in 1932, drawing support from prairie farmers and urban labour unions. It advocated public ownership, social security, and federal intervention in the economy. Its growing influence pushed King's Liberals to adopt more progressive policies.

A system of preferential tariff rates negotiated at the British Commonwealth Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa in 1932, giving Commonwealth countries preferential access to each other's markets. Canada gained preferred access to British markets for wheat and lumber in exchange for British manufactured goods entering Canada at lower rates.

The highest court of appeal for Canada until 1949 (when the Supreme Court of Canada took over), based in London. It ruled in 1937 that most of Bennett's New Deal reforms were unconstitutional as they encroached on provincial jurisdiction under the BNA Act.

A series of programmes, public works projects, financial reforms, and regulations introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939 in response to the Great Depression. Key agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and the Social Security Administration. The New Deal expanded the federal government's role in the economy and established the principle that government bore responsibility for citizens' basic welfare.

The American ideology, associated with Hoover, that individuals should succeed through self-reliance and hard work rather than relying on government assistance.