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Defoliation
The deliberate destruction of forest and agricultural vegetation using chemical agents, primarily for military purposes. During the Vietnam War, the US military sprayed approximately 77 million litres of defoliants across South Vietnam under Operation Ranch Hand (1962–1971) to deny the Viet Cong jungle cover and destroy food supplies. The most widely used defoliant was Agent Orange.
Re-education Camps (Vietnam)
Detention facilities established by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam after 1975 for former South Vietnamese military officers, government officials, and others deemed politically unreliable. An estimated 1 to 2.5 million people passed through the camps; hundreds of thousands were held for years without trial. Conditions were harsh, with forced labour, malnutrition, and political indoctrination.