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1961 Literacy Campaign
A nationwide mobilisation in which thousands of young volunteers were sent to teach reading and writing in rural Cuba, reducing illiteracy from around 23.6 percent to around 3.9 percent within a year.
Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs)
Neighbourhood-level organizations established in 1960 to defend the revolution. CDRs organized community services (vaccination drives, blood donations, literacy programmes) but also monitored political loyalty and reported dissent. By the mid-1960s, around 80% of Cuba's adult population belonged to a CDR.