IB Global Politics Social Movements Notes

Social Movements

Key Characteristics of Social Movements

1. Collective Action: Social movements involve groups of people working together, often outside of traditional political institutions.
2. Shared Goals: Participants are united by common objectives, such as policy change, social justice, or cultural transformation.
3. Sustained Activity: Unlike spontaneous protests, social movements engage in ongoing efforts over time.
4. Informal Organization: While some movements have formal leadership, many rely on decentralized networks and grassroots organizing.
5. Use of Nonviolent Tactics: Many movements prioritize peaceful methods, though some may resort to civil disobedience or direct action.

Types of Social Movements

1. Reform Movements: Seek to change specific policies or laws within the existing system.
   1. Example: The marriage equality movement successfully campaigned for legal recognition of same-sex marriage across multiple countries (2010s-present).
2. Revolutionary Movements: Aim to fundamentally transform society or overthrow existing political systems.
   1. Example: The Arab Spring uprisings sought to dismantle authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and North Africa.
3. Resistance Movements: Oppose specific changes or policies, often defending the status quo.
   1. Example: The Tea Party Movement in the United States emerged in opposition to government spending and healthcare reform.
4. Global Movements: Address transnational issues such as climate change, human rights, or economic inequality.
   1. Example: The Fridays for Future movement, inspired by Greta Thunberg, advocates for global action on climate change.