IB Geography Topic G.4.2 Resilient City Design Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Geography Topic G.4.2 Resilient City Design Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Managing Climatic and Geopolitical Risks

Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal vs. Inland Cities

Coastal Cities: Defending Against Rising Seas

Coastal cities are on the frontlines of climate change, requiring robust defenses against water-related risks:

Hard Engineering Solutions: Sea walls, levees, and storm surge barriers protect against flooding.
Soft Engineering Solutions: Restoring mangroves and wetlands provides natural buffers against storm surges.
Managed Retreat: In extreme cases, relocating communities away from vulnerable areas may be necessary.

Inland Cities: Coping with Heat and Water Stress

Inland cities face different challenges, requiring tailored solutions:

Urban Cooling Strategies: Planting trees, creating green roofs, and using reflective materials reduce the urban heat island effect.
Water Management: Building reservoirs, improving irrigation efficiency, and recycling wastewater help address water scarcity.

Strategies for Managing Climatic Risks

Flood Defenses, Elevated Buildings, and Green Infrastructure

Flood Defenses: Cities like Rotterdam have invested in advanced flood defences to protect against rising sea levels and storm surges.

Example

Rotterdam, Netherlands: The Maeslantkering storm surge barrier is a marvel of engineering, designed to close automatically during extreme weather events. Additionally, the city has created water plazas, public spaces that double as water storage during heavy rainfall.

Elevated Buildings: In flood-prone areas, elevating buildings is a practical solution.

Example

In New York City, critical infrastructure like electricity generators has been moved to upper floors following the flooding caused by Superstorm Sandy.

Green Infrastructure: Natural solutions like green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban wetlands help absorb rainwater and reduce flooding.

Example

Singapore's Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park combines a naturalized river with recreational spaces, reducing flood risk while enhancing urban biodiversity.

Example

Sponge City

This urban concept aims to enhance urban water management by using natural and engineered solutions to absorb, store, and release rainwater. The water is retained during intense precipitation decreasing the risk of flooding and gradually released later minimizing the risk of a drought.
It involves creating green spaces, permeable surfaces, and water retention systems to reduce flooding, improve water quality, and replenish groundwater.
One of the most well-known examples of a sponge city is Wuhan in China.

Note

Tip

Green infrastructure not only mitigates flood and drought risks but also improves air quality and provides recreational spaces, making cities more livable.

Disaster Preparedness Plans and Decentralized Energy Systems

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IB Geography G.4.2 Resilient City Design Notes

Managing Climatic and Geopolitical Risks

Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal vs. Inland Cities

Coastal Cities: Defending Against Rising Seas

Inland Cities: Coping with Heat and Water Stress

Strategies for Managing Climatic Risks

Flood Defenses, Elevated Buildings, and Green Infrastructure

Sponge City

Disaster Preparedness Plans and Decentralized Energy Systems

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Managing Climatic and Geopolitical Risks

Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal vs. Inland Cities

Coastal Cities: Defending Against Rising Seas

Inland Cities: Coping with Heat and Water Stress

Strategies for Managing Climatic Risks

Flood Defenses, Elevated Buildings, and Green Infrastructure

Sponge City

Disaster Preparedness Plans and Decentralized Energy Systems

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1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography G.4.2 Resilient City Design Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Managing Climatic and Geopolitical Risks

Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal vs. Inland Cities

Coastal Cities: Defending Against Rising Seas

Inland Cities: Coping with Heat and Water Stress

Strategies for Managing Climatic Risks

Flood Defenses, Elevated Buildings, and Green Infrastructure

Sponge City

Disaster Preparedness Plans and Decentralized Energy Systems

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Managing Climatic and Geopolitical Risks

Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal vs. Inland Cities

Coastal Cities: Defending Against Rising Seas

Inland Cities: Coping with Heat and Water Stress

Strategies for Managing Climatic Risks

Flood Defenses, Elevated Buildings, and Green Infrastructure

Sponge City

Disaster Preparedness Plans and Decentralized Energy Systems

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account