Social, Economic, and Political Influences on Hazard Impacts
- Social, economic, and political factors that shape vulnerability and resilience.
Economic Factors: Wealth, Technology, and Infrastructure
1. Levels of Development
- High-Income Countries (HICs): Better infrastructure, such as earthquake-resistant buildings and advanced transportation networks, reduces damage and speeds up recovery.
- Low-Income Countries (LICs): Poorly constructed buildings and limited infrastructure increase vulnerability.
Haiti Earthquake (2010): Many buildings collapsed due to poor construction, leading to widespread devastation.
2. Access to Technology
- Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: Advanced technology helps predict hazards and issue timely warnings.
- Communication Networks: Reliable systems ensure that warnings reach vulnerable populations.
Japan's Tsunami Warning System: Saved thousands of lives during the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.
NoteCountries with strong technological capabilities can better predict and respond to hazards, reducing their impacts.
3. Insurance and Financial Resources
- Insurance Coverage: Wealthier individuals and businesses can recover more quickly with insurance.
- Government Resources: HICs can allocate funds for disaster relief and recovery, while LICs may rely on international aid.
Economic factors influence not only the immediate impact of a hazard but also the speed and effectiveness of recovery efforts.
Social Factors: Education, Gender, and Awareness
1. Education and Awareness
- Preparedness: Educated populations are more likely to understand risks and take preventive measures.
- Public Education Programs: Initiatives like earthquake drills and evacuation plans save lives.
Japan's Earthquake Drills: Regular drills ensure that citizens know how to respond during an earthquake.
2. Gender and Vulnerability
- Disproportionate Impacts: Women and children often face higher risks due to societal roles and responsibilities.
- Access to Resources: Gender inequality can limit access to information, evacuation routes, and relief supplies.
Cyclone Nargis (2008): In Myanmar, more women died because they were less likely to receive warnings and were responsible for caring for children and the elderly.
3. Community Cohesion
- Social Networks: Strong community ties can enhance collective action during disasters.
- Marginalized Groups: Isolated or marginalized communities may struggle to access aid and resources.
