IB Geography Topic B.3.5 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Geography Topic B.3.5 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Territorial Waters: Sovereignty at Sea

Definition

Territorial waters

Territorial waters extend 12 nautical miles (about 22 kilometers) from a country’s coastline. Within this zone, the coastal nation has full sovereignty, just as it does on its land territory.

This means the country controls everything: the water, the airspace above, and the seabed below.
For example, a country can regulate shipping, enforce laws, and exploit natural resources in its territorial waters.
However, foreign ships are allowed innocent passage, the right to pass through these waters as long as they don’t engage in activities like fishing or military exercises.

Why Are Territorial Waters Important?

Territorial waters are vital for protecting a nation’s coastline and regulating activities that affect its shores.
For instance, a country can monitor pollution from passing ships, prevent illegal fishing, or respond to security threats.

Example

Imagine a fishing boat from a neighboring country enters territorial waters to catch fish.
The coastal nation has the legal authority to stop the boat, impose penalties, or confiscate its catch.
Without territorial waters, enforcing such rules would be impossible.

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Balancing Sovereignty and Resources

Definition

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) stretches 200 nautical miles (approximately 370 kilometers) from a country’s coastline. Within this zone, the coastal nation has sovereign rights over economic resources, such as fish, oil, and gas.

Unlike territorial waters, an EEZ does not grant full sovereignty.
Other countries can freely navigate, conduct scientific research, or lay submarine cables, but they cannot exploit resources without permission.

EEZs Are Essential for Managing Marine Resources

EEZs are essential for managing marine resources.
Nearly 90% of the world’s known offshore oil reserves and 98% of major fishing grounds are within EEZs, making them economically and strategically significant.

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IB Geography B.3.5 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones Notes

Territorial Waters: Sovereignty at Sea

Why Are Territorial Waters Important?

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Balancing Sovereignty and Resources

EEZs Are Essential for Managing Marine Resources

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Territorial Waters: Sovereignty at Sea

Why Are Territorial Waters Important?

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Balancing Sovereignty and Resources

EEZs Are Essential for Managing Marine Resources

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography B.3.5 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Territorial Waters: Sovereignty at Sea

Why Are Territorial Waters Important?

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Balancing Sovereignty and Resources

EEZs Are Essential for Managing Marine Resources

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Territorial Waters: Sovereignty at Sea

Why Are Territorial Waters Important?

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Balancing Sovereignty and Resources

EEZs Are Essential for Managing Marine Resources

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account