Biocapacity is the capacity of a biologically productive area to continuously provide renewable resources and assimilate the waste generated by human activities.

The circular economy is an economic model that decouples economic growth from resource consumption by keeping materials, products, and resources in use for as long as possible.

A planned reduction in production and consumption, especially in high-income countries, that lowers a society's demand on the environment while protecting human well-being.

The Doughnut Economics model, proposed by economist Kate Raworth, offers a framework to address these challenges by balancing human needs with planetary boundaries.

An ecological footprint is the measure of the amount of land and water area required to provide all resources a population consumes and absorb waste and emissions (e.g., CO₂ absorption by forests)

Overshoot is when a population's demand on its environment exceeds the carrying capacity. It can only be temporary, and the degradation it causes lowers the carrying capacity further.