IB Environmental systems and societies 8.3B Acid Rain Notes

Acid Rain Forms When Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides React in the Atmosphere

Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) react with water, oxygen and other compounds in the air to make sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) and nitric acid ($HNO_3$).

These acids fall to the ground far downwind of where the pollutants were released, so acid rain is a transboundary problem.

Note

Deposition can be wet (acid rain, snow, fog) or dry (acidic gases and particles that settle out).
Normal rain is already slightly acidic at about pH 5.6 from dissolved $CO_2$, so acid rain means a pH below 5.6.

The Chemistry: Two Acids From Two Pollutants

Sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$) from sulfur dioxide

$SO_2$ comes mainly from burning sulfur-rich coal and oil in power plants and industry, and from volcanic eruptions.
$SO_2$ is oxidised in the air to sulfur trioxide ($SO_3$).
$SO_3$ dissolves in water to form sulfuric acid ($H_2SO_4$).

Nitric acid ($HNO_3$) from nitrogen oxides

$NO_x$ forms when nitrogen and oxygen combine at the high temperatures inside vehicle engines and furnaces.
Nitrogen monoxide is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$).
$NO_2$ reacts with water to form nitric acid ($HNO_3$).

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IB Environmental systems and societies 8.3B Acid Rain Notes

IB Environmental systems and societies 8.3B Acid Rain Notes

Acid Rain Forms When Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides React in the Atmosphere

The Chemistry: Two Acids From Two Pollutants

Acid Rain Damages Soils, Water, Health, and Buildings

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Acid Rain Forms When Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides React in the Atmosphere

The Chemistry: Two Acids From Two Pollutants

Acid Rain Damages Soils, Water, Health, and Buildings

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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IB Environmental systems and societies 8.3B Acid Rain Notes

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

IB Environmental systems and societies 8.3B Acid Rain Notes

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

Acid Rain Forms When Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides React in the Atmosphere

The Chemistry: Two Acids From Two Pollutants

Acid Rain Damages Soils, Water, Health, and Buildings

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Acid Rain Forms When Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides React in the Atmosphere

The Chemistry: Two Acids From Two Pollutants

Acid Rain Damages Soils, Water, Health, and Buildings

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account