Energy Security: Access to Affordable and Reliable Energy Sources
Definition
Energy security
Energy security refers to a country’s ability to access affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy sources without major disruptions.
It is crucial for economic stability, national security, and environmental sustainability.
Countries improve energy security through:
- Energy efficiency measures (reducing consumption without sacrificing productivity)
- Decreasing reliance on imported energy (shifting to domestic sources)
- Diversification of energy sources (using a mix of fossil fuels, renewables, and nuclear power)
Global Changes in Energy Use Over Time
Energy consumption patterns have shifted significantly due to technological advancements, economic growth, and environmental concerns:
Key Trends (Based on Global Data from Our World in Data & World Bank)
- Fossil fuels dominate but declining:
- Oil, coal, and natural gas still supply over 80% of global energy, but their share is shrinking due to climate policies and economic transitions.
- Renewables growing:
- Solar and wind energy increased from 1% in 2000 to over 10% in 2023 of total energy supply.
- Regional variations:
- Europe and North America are transitioning towards renewables and nuclear, while Asia and Africa still depend heavily on coal and oil for economic growth.
Note
Energy trends can be graphically represented using line graphs.
Comparison of Energy Security: France vs. India
| Factor | France | India |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Energy Source | Nuclear (69%) | Coal (55%) |
| Energy Imports | Imports natural gas and oil | Imports over 85% of oil |
| Renewable Energy Growth | Expanding wind and solar | Rapid solar expansion under National Solar Mission |
| Energy Efficiency Policies | High energy efficiency standards | Energy-saving programs like UJALA LED distribution |
| Energy Security Strategy | Heavy reliance on nuclear, reducing gas imports | Diversification into solar, hydropower, and bioenergy |
Key Insights and Impacts
France's Energy Security Approach
- Pros: High reliance on nuclear power means stable electricity supply and low carbon emissions.
- Cons: Dependence on uranium imports, expensive plant maintenance, and nuclear waste concerns.
India's Energy Security Approach
- Pros: Rapid renewable energy expansion reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels.
- Cons: Still coal-dependent, leading to pollution and health issues, energy access varies across regions.
Note
- Statistical tests (correlation analysis) can compare GDP growth vs. energy consumption in these countries to assess energy efficiency improvements.
- Any other variable instead of GDP can also be used.
