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Topic 1: Foundation
1.1 Perspectives
1.2 Systems
1.3 Sustainability
Topic 2: Ecology
2.1 Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems
2.2 Energy and biomass in ecosystems
2.3 Biogeochemical cycles
2.4 Climate and biomes
2.5 Zonation, succession and change in ecosystems
Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity
3.1 Biodiversity and evolution
3.2 Human impact on biodiversity
3.3 Conservation and regeneration
Topic 4: Water
4.1 Water systems
4.2 Water access, use and security
4.3 Aquatic food production systems
4.4 Water pollution
Topic 5: Land
5.1 Soil
5.2 Agriculture and food
Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change
6.1 Introduction to the atmosphere
6.2 Climate change - causes and impact
6.3 Climate change - mitigation and adaptation
6.4 Stratospheric ozone
Topic 7: Natural resources
7.1 Natural resources - uses and management
7.2 Energy sources - uses and management
7.3 Solid waste
Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems
8.1 Human populations
8.2 Urban systems and urban planning
8.3 Urban air pollution
HL lenses
HL.a Environmental law
HL.b Environmental economics
HL.c Environmental ethics
Energy security
Energy security refers to a country’s ability to access affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy sources without major disruptions.