IB English Literature Paper 1 Exemplar
Text: Extract from Moon Tiger by Penelope Lively
She climbs a little higher, on to another sliding shelving plateau of the cliff, and squats searching furiously the blue grey fragments of rock around her, hunting for those enticing curls and ribbed whorls, pouncing once with a hiss of triumph, an ammonite, almost whole. The beach, now, is quite far below, its shrill cries, its barkings, its calls are clear and loud but from another world, of no account.
And all the time out of the corner of her eye she watches Gordon, who is higher yet, tap-tapping at an outcrop. He ceases to tap, she can see him examining something. What has he got? Suspicion and rivalry burn her up. She scrambles through little bushy plants, hauls herself over a ledge.
‘This is my bit,’ cries Gordon. ‘You can’t come here. I’ve bagged it.’
‘I don’t care,’ yells Claudia. ‘Anyway I’m going up higher, it’s much better further up.’
And she hurls herself upwards over skinny plants and dry stony soil that cascades away downwards under her feet, up and towards a wonderfully promising enticing grey expanse she has spotted where surely Asteroceras is lurking by the hundred.
Below, on the beach, unnoticed, figures scurry to and fro, faint bird-like cries of alarm waft up.
She must pass Gordon to reach that alluring upper shelf. ‘Mind...’ she says. ‘Move your leg...’
‘Don’t shove,’ he grumbles. ‘Anyway you can’t come here. I said this is my bit, you find your own.’
‘Don’t shove yourself. I don’t want your stupid bit...’
His leg is in her way, it thrashes, she thrusts, and a piece of cliff, of the solid world which evidently is not so solid after all, shifts under her clutching hands... crumbles... and she is falling thwack backwards on her shoulders, her head, her outflung arm, she is skidding rolling thumping downwards. And comes to rest gasping in a thorn bush, hammered by pain, too affronted even to yell.
He can feel her getting closer, encroaching, she is coming here on to his bit, she will take all the best fossils. He protests. He sticks out a foot to impede. Her hot infuriating limbs are mixed up with his.
‘You’re pushing me,’ she shrieks.
‘I’m not,’ he snarls. ‘It’s you that’s shoving. Anyway this is my place so go somewhere else.’
‘It’s not your stupid place,’ she says. ‘It’s anyone’s place. Anyway I don’t...’
And suddenly there are awful tearing noises and thumps and she is gone, sliding and hurtling down, and in horror and satisfaction he stares.
‘He pushed me.’
‘I didn’t. Honestly mother, I didn’t. She slipped.’
‘He pushed me.’
And even amid the commotion, the clucking mothers and nurses, the improvised sling, the proffered smelling salts, Edith Hampton can marvel at the furious tenacity of her children.
‘Don’t argue. Keep still, Claudia.’
‘Those are my ammonites. Don’t let him get them, mother.’
‘I don’t want your ammonites.’
‘Gordon, be quiet!’
Her head aches, she tries to quell the children and respond to advice and sympathy. She blames the perilous world, so unreliable, so malevolent. And the intransigence of her offspring whose emotions seem the loudest on the beach.
Guiding Question:
How does the use of varying narrative perspectives shape meaning in the passage?
Essay Plan
Introduction
- Context: Moon Tiger is a novel by British author Penelope Lively. This passage recounts a childhood memory involving a fossil-hunting expedition that leads to a dramatic fall.
- Text Type: Prose fiction (novel extract)
- Purpose of the Text: To explore the nature of memory, perception, and emotional experience through a childhood accident viewed from multiple characters’ perspectives.
- Thesis: The use of varying narrative viewpoints shapes meaning by showing how different characters perceive the same event differently, deepening themes of rivalry, perception, and generational distance.
- Roadmap: The essay will examine Claudia’s internal focus, Gordon’s emotional contradictions, and Edith’s distant reflection.
Body Paragraph 1: Claudia’s Perspective
- Point: Claudia’s viewpoint reveals her obsessive mindset and emotional disconnection from the external world.
- Evidence:
- “searching furiously the blue grey fragments of rock”
- “enticing curls and ribbed whorls”
- beach is “from another world, of no account”
- Explanation:
- The verb “furiously” emphasizes her emotional drive and competitiveness.
- Fossil imagery represents desire and fixation.
- Dismissal of the beach sounds signals her isolation from reality.
- Link:
- Claudia’s limited perception builds tension and foreshadows the fall, reflecting how obsession narrows one’s world.
Body Paragraph 2: Gordon’s Perspective
- Point: Gordon’s narration intensifies the conflict and exposes emotional ambiguity through violent language.
- Evidence:
- “he can feel her getting closer, encroaching”
- “thrashes,” “thrusts,” “snarls”
- watches her fall with “horror and satisfaction”
- Explanation:
- Aggressive verbs reflect sibling rivalry and territorial behavior.
- “Encroaching” suggests he feels invaded, increasing tension.
- Emotional contradiction reveals internal conflict between guilt and triumph.
- Link:
- Gordon’s viewpoint complicates blame and shows how rivalry can distort empathy and accountability.
Body Paragraph 3: Edith’s Perspective
- Point: Edith’s detached perspective introduces adult reflection on chaos, danger, and parenting frustration.
- Evidence:
- “the perilous world, so unreliable, so malevolent”
- “intransigence of her offspring”
- “Don’t argue. Keep still, Claudia.”
- Explanation:
- Abstract language reframes the incident as symbolic of life’s unpredictability.
- Tone shows weariness rather than compassion or alarm.
- Suggests a generational gap in emotional response and understanding.
- Link:
- Edith’s adult detachment contrasts the children’s intense emotions, adding depth to the narrative’s emotional landscape.
Conclusion
- The shifting narrative perspectives in Moon Tiger allow Lively to present the same event through emotionally distinct lenses.
- Claudia’s obsession, Gordon’s rivalry, and Edith’s detachment together highlight:
- The subjectivity of experience
- The fragility of childhood relationships
- The gap between children and adults
- These varying viewpoints shape meaning by revealing that truth is multifaceted, and emotional experiences are filtered through perception.
Model Answer
Penelope Lively’s Moon Tiger is a prose fiction extract that uses shifting third-person limited narration to follow different characters’ internal and external experiences. The passage centers on a childhood accident, and the shifting narrative perspectives allow the reader to experience the tension, emotion, and conflict from multiple angles. The use of varying narrative viewpoints shapes meaning by showing how different characters perceive the same event differently, deepening themes of rivalry, perception, and generational distance. The essay will first explore Claudia’s perspective and how it reveals obsession and isolation, then examine Gordon’s viewpoint to highlight emotional contradiction and blame, and finally discuss Edith’s perspective to show the adult detachment from childhood conflict.
Firstly, the passage begins from Claudia’s perspective, using dynamic diction and sensory imagery to immerse the reader in her mindset and foreshadow danger. The narrator describes her as “searching furiously the blue grey fragments of rock” and notes her obsession with the “enticing curls and ribbed whorls.” The beach sounds are “clear and loud but from another world, of no account.” This highlights Claudia’s fixation on the fossils, which creates a tone of intense focus and ambition. The phrase “furiously” highlights her emotional drive, while the fossil description reveals their symbolic value as trophies in her rivalry. The dismissal of the beach sounds disconnects her from the world, foreshadowing the fall. Through Claudia’s lens, Lively explores obsession and detachment, positioning the reader to anticipate conflict and empathize with her emotional isolation.
Secondly, the next shift to Gordon’s viewpoint heightens the conflict through violent diction and defensive narration. The narrator reveals that “he can feel her getting closer, encroaching,” and uses aggressive verbs like “thrashes,” “thrusts,” and “snarls.” His emotions at her fall are described as a mix of “horror and satisfaction.” This illustrates how Gordon views Claudia’s presence as an invasion, and the diction reflects his territorial instinct. The physicality of the verbs emphasizes the competitiveness between them. The emotional contradiction of “horror and satisfaction” deepens his character, suggesting guilt mixed with vindication. Thus, by shifting into Gordon’s head, Lively complicates the reader’s understanding of blame and emotion, showing that truth and feeling are rarely one-sided.
The final perspective shift to Edith, the mother, provides a broader reflection on the instability of the world and the nature of childhood. Edith internally reflects that the world is “so unreliable, so malevolent,” while observing her children’s argument with exasperation. She commands, “Don’t argue. Keep still, Claudia,” and notes the “intransigence of her offspring.” This exemplifies how Edith’s detachment contrasts with the earlier emotional tones, offering a more existential view of the incident. Her use of general language about the world reframes the event as a representation of life’s unpredictability. The lack of maternal warmth in her tone suggests a disconnection from her children. Through Edith, Lively invites readers to consider how adult perspectives can seem distant from childhood emotion, reinforcing themes of miscommunication and generational distance.
In conclusion, Lively’s use of shifting third-person perspectives in Moon Tiger provides a multifaceted view of a childhood event. By giving voice to Claudia, Gordon, and Edith, she explores how perception shapes reality, how rivalry distorts intention, and how emotional experiences resist resolution. The use of alternating narrative lenses not only builds dramatic tension but also deepens our understanding of the psychological and thematic complexity of the scene.
