A circular economy tries to keep materials in use for as long as possible, but not everything can be reused or recycled forever. Biodegradable materials give such products a sustainable end of life: instead of sitting in landfill, they break down naturally and return to the environment, which makes them a key objective of circular design.
Biodegradable Material
A material that breaks down naturally into basic substances through microorganisms, given the right conditions of moisture, oxygen, temperature, and nutrients.
The breakdown is done by living things. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi feed on the material and turn it into simple substances, mainly water, minerals and organic matter, which enrich the soil rather than pollute it. This only happens when the surroundings are right, so the material needs enough moisture, oxygen, warmth and nutrients. Conventional plastics, by contrast, are not readily attacked by microorganisms and can persist for hundreds of years.
The appeal of biodegradable materials spans the same three areas as the triple bottom line (see C2.1.3). The environmental gains are the clearest: they break down without leaving harmful residues, release lower greenhouse gas emissions than conventional plastics, and many come from renewable, plant-based sources rather than fossil fuels.
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