Research is a continuous and integral part of designing, not a task done once at the start. Running it throughout helps a designer identify design opportunities, understand what users really need, and generate solutions that are feasible rather than guessed at.
Any piece of research is classified two ways at once: by its source (primary, gathered first-hand, or secondary, gathered by someone else) and by the kind of data it produces (qualitative words, or quantitative numbers).
Primary Research
Research carried out directly by the user through testing, observation, or data collection to gather original insights.
Primary research is first-hand: the designer gathers original data themselves, close to the real users and context. Common methods are user observations, interviews, surveys and questionnaires, focus groups, material testing and product analysis. Because it is collected directly, primary data is highly relevant to the specific problem, though it takes time and effort to run well.
Product Analysis
A systematic evaluation of a product to assess its features, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and uncover opportunities for enhancement or innovation.
Product analysis is a particularly useful primary method: an existing product is examined systematically to learn from it. A designer looks at its function (what it does and how), its performance (how well it does the job, and its limitations) and its features (its key characteristics), which together reveal strengths, weaknesses and openings for improvement.
Secondary Research
Research undertaken by someone other than the user.
Secondary research uses information other people have already gathered, which makes it quick and broad but means the designer must judge how trustworthy and relevant it is.
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Paywall
(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.
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