Definition
Mechanical System
A set of physical components that convert input force and motion into a desired output.
Input–Process–Output Systems
Mechanical systems are made up of three key elements:
- Input: The energy, force, or data introduced into a system.
- Process: The transformation or manipulation of the input to achieve a desired outcome.
- Output: The final result or product of the system's operation.
Note
This model is not limited to mechanical systems, it applies to digital, biological, and organisational systems as well.
Inputs
- Energy Sources:
- Electrical: Powers motors and actuators.
- Mechanical: Includes human force or gravitational energy.
- Hydraulic/Pneumatic: Uses fluid or air pressure.
- Sensors and Data:
- Temperature Sensors: Trigger cooling systems.
- Pressure Sensors: Regulate hydraulic systems.
Example
In a car engine, the input includes fuel (chemical energy) and air (oxygen) mixed in precise ratios.
Processes
- Transformation of Energy:
- Combustion: Converts chemical energy to mechanical energy in engines.
- Electromechanical Conversion: Motors transform electrical energy into motion.
- Control and Regulation:
- Feedback Loops: Sensors adjust processes in real-time.
- Valves and Switches: Regulate flow and pressure.
- Mechanical Operations:
- Gearing: Alters speed and torque.
- Linkages: Convert linear motion to rotational motion.
Tip
When analyzing a mechanical process, identify the key components and their roles in transforming inputs to outputs.
Outputs
- Mechanical Motion:
- Rotational: Wheels, gears, turbines.
- Linear: Pistons, conveyor belts.
- Work Performed:
- Lifting: Cranes and elevators.
- Cutting: CNC machines and saws.
- Feedback Data:
- Work Performed:
- Lifting: Cranes and elevators.
- Cutting: CNC machines and saws.
- Feedback Data:
- Performance Metrics: Efficiency, speed, temperature.
- Work Performed:
Real-World Application
Example
Hand-Operated Drill
- Input: The user turns the handle.
- Process: The gear mechanism multiplies the motion.
- Output: The drill bit rotates and cuts into the material.
Self review
Identify the input, process, and output in a bicycle's braking system. How does each component contribute to the overall function?
