Structural Components
- A structural component is a part of a structure that supports loads and resists forces.
- The most common components are beams (horizontal) and columns (vertical), each helping to keep the structure stable and upright.
Beams
- Beams are horizontal structural elements that carry loads across a span.
- They resist bending forces and transfer loads to supports.
There are different types of beams based on how they are supported:
- Simply supported beam
- Fixed beam
- Cantilever beam
- Continuously supported beam
Simply Supported Beams
Simply Supported Beam
A beam that is supported at either end.
- Load Distribution: Transfers loads to the supports.
- Flexibility: Allows for slight movement at the supports, reducing stress.
Bridges, floors, and roofs
Simply supported beams are the most common type of beam used in construction due to their simplicity and efficiency.
Fixed Beams
Fixed Beam
A member in a structure that is fixed on both ends to supports.
- Stability: Provides greater resistance to bending and deflection.
- Load Capacity: Can support heavier loads compared to simply supported beams.
High-rise buildings and industrial structures
Cantilever Beams
Cantilever Beam
A rigid structure that is fixed on one end and extends horizontally without support on the other.
- Overhanging Structures: Ideal for balconies, bridges, and canopies.
- Load Bearing: Supports loads without additional supports at the free end.
Balconies, overpasses, and signage
Consider a diving board: the fixed end is anchored, while the free end extends outward, supporting the diver's weight.
Continuously Supported Beams
Continuously Supported Beam
A beam that is supported at more than two points along its length.
- Load Distribution: Spreads loads evenly across multiple supports.
- Reduced Deflection: Minimizes bending and sagging.
Long-span bridges and multi-story buildings
Continuously supported beams are more efficient in distributing loads than simply supported beams, making them ideal for longer spans.
Columns
Column
An upright pillar typically used to support beams in structures.
- Load Transfer: Carries compressive loads to the ground.
- Stability: Provides structural support and prevents collapse.
Skyscrapers, bridges, and residential buildings
- Don't confuse columns with beams.
- Columns are vertical and primarily handle compressive loads, while beams are horizontal and support bending loads.
Saying a structure “holds up weight” without explaining how it transfers or resists force
- Identify the beams and/or columns in the structure.
- State the type of beam.
- Explain how it resists forces or supports the design
