Understanding Structures
- A structure is a combination or arrangement of parts that is designed to support loads, withstand forces, and maintain form and stability.
- Structures exist in both:
- Natural environments (e.g. trees, bones, shells)
- Built environments (e.g. buildings, bridges, furniture)
Key Characteristics of Structures
- Load-Bearing: Structures must support various loads, such as weight, wind, and pressure.
- Stability: They must remain stable under different conditions.
- Efficiency: Structures often aim to use minimal materials while maximising strength.
Note
The study of structures involves understanding how forces interact with materials and shapes to create stable and functional designs.
Structures in Nature
- Nature creates structures that are lightweight, strong, and efficient.
- These forms are shaped over time through evolution, optimising how materials are used to perform multiple functions — like support, protection, or growth.
Example
- Honeycomb (bees) – Hexagonal pattern uses minimal material to create a strong, lightweight structure.
- Tree trunks – Wide at the base and narrow at the top to resist bending and carry vertical loads.
- Bird bones – Hollow but reinforced with internal struts, reducing weight for flight without sacrificing strength.
- Seashells – Spiral geometry and layered material provide compression resistance and impact protection.
Analogy
Think of a tree as a natural cantilever, with branches extending outward like beams supported by the trunk.
Structures in the Built Environment
- Human-made structures are designed to resist forces, provide safety, and achieve specific purposes.
- They are often inspired by what works in nature.
Example
- Bridges – Designed to span distances and carry dynamic loads (e.g. vehicles, people).
- Domes and arches – Distribute force evenly, inspired by eggs and caves.
- Skyscrapers – Use internal steel frameworks to resist wind, gravity, and earthquakes.
- Corrugated cardboard – Mimics layered and ridged patterns in nature to improve strength in packaging.
Comparing Natural and Built Structures
| Feature | Natural Structures | Built Structures |
|---|---|---|
| Created by | Evolution | Engineering and design |
| Materials | Organic (wood, chitin, bone) | Synthetic (steel, concrete, polymers) |
| Design purpose | Survival, growth, protection | Function, safety, cost, aesthetics |
| Form efficiency | Optimised for multi-function | Optimised for task-specific performance |
Analysing and Interpreting Structures
To analyse a structure, consider the following:
- Function: What is the structure designed to do?
- Materials: What materials are used, and why?
- Forces: How does the structure handle different forces (e.g., tension, compression)?
- Efficiency: How does the design minimize material use while maximizing strength?
Self review
Identify a natural structure and a human-made structure. Compare how each handles forces and loads. What similarities and differences do you notice?
