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Computer networks rely on structured models to manage the complexity of communication.
The OSI model and the TCP/IP model use layered architectures that break down network functions into smaller, manageable parts, ensuring interoperability, scalability, and easier troubleshooting.
Understanding network layers is essential for designing, implementing, and troubleshooting communication systems.
| No. | Part | Layer | Purpose | Example protocols |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Software | Application Layer | Interfaces with end-user applications | HTTP, FTP, SMTP |
| 6 | Software | Presentation Layer | Translates data formats, handles encryption and compression | SSL/TLS, JPEG, PNG |
| 5 | Software | Session Layer | Manages sessions between applications | NetBIOS, RPC |
| 4 | Transport Layer | Ensures reliable data transfer | TCP, UDP | |
| 3 | Hardware | Network Layer | Routes data between devices | IP, ICMP |
| 2 | Hardware | Data Link Layer | Handles error detection and correction in data frames | Ethernet, Wi-Fi |
| 1 | Hardware | Physical Layer | : Transmits raw bits over physical media | RS-232, USB |
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