Structural isomers can be grouped into three main types based on how their structures differ:
Chain isomers
Chain isomers differ in the arrangement of the carbon skeleton.
The molecular formula remains the same, but the carbon atoms are connected in different ways, forming either straight chains or branched chains.
Butane ($C_4H_{10}$) has two chain isomers:
Think of chain isomers like rearranging train cars: the same number of cars (atoms) can be connected in a straight line or with one car branching off to the side.
Positional isomers
Positional isomers occur when the functional group or substituent is attached to different positions on the same carbon chain.
This subtle shift in position can alter the compound’s reactivity and physical properties.
Bromopentane ($C_5H_{11}Br$) has three positional isomers:
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