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Carbocation
A carbocation is a carbon atom that carries a positive charge, formed when a bond is broken heterolytically, leaving the carbon electron-deficient.
Electrophile
An electrophile is a species that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.
Nucleophile
A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. The term “nucleophile” originates from the Greek words nucleus (meaning core) and philos (meaning loving), indicating its affinity for positively charged or electron-deficient centers.