IB Chemistry Topic R3.2.10 Reduction of Functional Groups Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Chemistry Topic R3.2.10 Reduction of Functional Groups Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols and Ketones to Secondary Alcohols

Definition

Reduction in organic chemistry

Reduction in organic chemistry refers to the gain of hydrogen atoms or the loss of oxygen atoms in a molecule.

This is the opposite of oxidation, which involves the loss of hydrogen or the gain of oxygen.
In the context of functional groups, reduction often involves converting a more oxidized group (like a carboxylic acid or ketone) into a less oxidized one (like an alcohol).

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols (via Aldehydes)

Carboxylic acids are highly oxidized functional groups, meaning they contain a significant number of bonds to oxygen.
To reduce a carboxylic acid to a primary alcohol, we need to remove oxygen atoms and add hydrogen atoms.
This process occurs in two steps: first, the carboxylic acid is reduced to an aldehyde, and then the aldehyde is further reduced to a primary alcohol.

Step 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

The reduction of a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde is challenging because carboxylic acids are relatively stable.
Reducing a carboxylic acid to the aldehyde is harder than the second step. The specific reducing agent is not required by the syllabus.
The reaction can be summarized as: $$ RCOOH + [H] \rightarrow RCHO + H_2O $$

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IB Chemistry R3.2.10 Reduction of Functional Groups Notes

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols and Ketones to Secondary Alcohols

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols (via Aldehydes)

Step 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

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Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols and Ketones to Secondary Alcohols

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols (via Aldehydes)

Step 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

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Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

IB Chemistry R3.2.10 Reduction of Functional Groups Notes

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols and Ketones to Secondary Alcohols

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols (via Aldehydes)

Step 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols and Ketones to Secondary Alcohols

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols (via Aldehydes)

Step 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acid to Aldehyde

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Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics