IB Biology Topic C1.2.14 Generation of a Proton Gradient Revision Notes (HL)

IB Biology Topic C1.2.14 Generation of a Proton Gradient Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

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Electron Flow Through the Carriers Pumps Protons to Build a Gradient

Definition

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

After NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to the ETC (covered in C1.2.13), those electrons flow through the carriers in sequence.

Tip

Electrons do not release all their energy at once.
The stepwise transfer through multiple carriers lets the cell capture energy at each stage, rather than losing it all as heat.

How Electron Flow Generates the Proton Gradient

The electron transport chain is a sequence of controlled transfers that steadily extracts energy from electrons.

Electrons Enter the Chain
1. Reduced NAD (NADH) donates electrons to the first carrier protein in the ETC.
2. FADH₂ donates electrons to a carrier further down the chain, so it releases less energy and pumps fewer protons.

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Note

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Tip

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Electron Flow Through the Carriers Pumps Protons to Build a Gradient

Definition

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

After NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to the ETC (covered in C1.2.13), those electrons flow through the carriers in sequence.

Tip

Electrons do not release all their energy at once.
The stepwise transfer through multiple carriers lets the cell capture energy at each stage, rather than losing it all as heat.

How Electron Flow Generates the Proton Gradient

The electron transport chain is a sequence of controlled transfers that steadily extracts energy from electrons.

Electrons Enter the Chain
1. Reduced NAD (NADH) donates electrons to the first carrier protein in the ETC.
2. FADH₂ donates electrons to a carrier further down the chain, so it releases less energy and pumps fewer protons.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic C1.2.14: Generation of a Proton Gradient Notes

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

Electron Flow Through the Carriers Pumps Protons to Build a Gradient

How Electron Flow Generates the Proton Gradient

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Electron Flow Through the Carriers Pumps Protons to Build a Gradient

How Electron Flow Generates the Proton Gradient

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account