IB Biology Topic B4.2.9 Adaptations of Herbivores for Feeding on Plants and of Plants for Resisting Herbivory Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Biology Topic B4.2.9 Adaptations of Herbivores for Feeding on Plants and of Plants for Resisting Herbivory Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Herbivory: A Feeding Arms Race Between Plants and the Animals That Eat Them

Herbivores are animals that feed on plants.
Plant material is tough, fibrous and often chemically defended, so herbivores have evolved specialised feeding structures and digestive systems to exploit it.
Plants, in turn, have evolved defences to reduce the damage, driving a long-running arms race.

Note

Insects show great diversity in their mouthparts, yet these parts are homologous.
That means they all evolved from a common ancestral structure.

Herbivore Feeding Adaptations: Grinding, Digesting and Piercing

Broad, ridged grinding teeth
1. Mammalian herbivores have wide molars with ridged surfaces that grind fibrous leaves and grasses into a pulp.
2. A side-to-side jaw action shears the plant tissue and breaks open plant cell walls.
Symbiotic gut microorganisms to digest cellulose
1. Animals cannot make the enzyme cellulase, so they cannot digest the cellulose in plant cell walls on their own.
2. Many herbivores host symbiotic bacteria and other microorganisms in the gut that release cellulase and break cellulose down for them.
3. Ruminants like cattle house these microbes in an enlarged stomach chamber, giving both partners access to the energy in the plant.

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Herbivory: A Feeding Arms Race Between Plants and the Animals That Eat Them

Herbivores are animals that feed on plants.
Plant material is tough, fibrous and often chemically defended, so herbivores have evolved specialised feeding structures and digestive systems to exploit it.
Plants, in turn, have evolved defences to reduce the damage, driving a long-running arms race.

Note

Insects show great diversity in their mouthparts, yet these parts are homologous.
That means they all evolved from a common ancestral structure.

Herbivore Feeding Adaptations: Grinding, Digesting and Piercing

Broad, ridged grinding teeth
1. Mammalian herbivores have wide molars with ridged surfaces that grind fibrous leaves and grasses into a pulp.
2. A side-to-side jaw action shears the plant tissue and breaks open plant cell walls.
Symbiotic gut microorganisms to digest cellulose
1. Animals cannot make the enzyme cellulase, so they cannot digest the cellulose in plant cell walls on their own.
2. Many herbivores host symbiotic bacteria and other microorganisms in the gut that release cellulase and break cellulose down for them.
3. Ruminants like cattle house these microbes in an enlarged stomach chamber, giving both partners access to the energy in the plant.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic B4.2.9: Adaptations of Herbivores for Feeding on Plants and of Plants for Resisting Herbivory Notes

Herbivory: A Feeding Arms Race Between Plants and the Animals That Eat Them

Herbivore Feeding Adaptations: Grinding, Digesting and Piercing

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Herbivory: A Feeding Arms Race Between Plants and the Animals That Eat Them

Herbivore Feeding Adaptations: Grinding, Digesting and Piercing

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics