The Big Bang theory Notes

What Evidence Suggests That The Universe Had A Beginning And Has Been Expanding Over Time?

1. Before modern astronomical observations, scientists held a very different view of the universe.
2. Early scientists believed the universe was static, meaning it did not change in size.
3. Galaxies were thought to be fixed in position, with no overall motion relative to each other.
4. This idea seemed reasonable because early telescopes could not detect galaxy motion.

Observing Light From Distant Galaxies

1. Modern telescopes allow scientists to study light from faraway galaxies.
2. Light from galaxies can be spread into a spectrum.
3. Scientists noticed that spectral lines from distant galaxies were shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
4. This shift is called red shift.
5. Red shift shows that galaxies are moving away from the observer.

How Does Doppler Effect Play A Role In Galaxy Motion?

1. The red shift of galaxies can be explained using the Doppler effect.
2. The Doppler effect occurs when a wave source moves relative to an observer.
3. When a wave source moves away, the waves are stretched.
4. This increases wavelength and decreases frequency.
5. For light, stretching the wavelength shifts it toward red.

Hubble's Law Shows The Universe Is Expanding

1. Hubble identified a clear pattern in galaxy motion.
2. The further away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away.
3. This relationship is known as Hubble’s law.
4. It shows that expansion is occurring everywhere in the universe, not from a central point.

What Does Expansion Mean?

1. If the universe is expanding now, it must have been smaller in the past.
2. Going back in time, all matter and energy were much closer together.
3. This leads to the idea that the universe began from a very hot, dense state.

The Big Bang Model

1. The Big Bang model explains how the universe began and evolved.
2. According to the model, the universe began from an extremely small, dense, and hot state.
3. Space itself began expanding; the Big Bang was not an explosion into empty space.
4. As the universe expanded, it cooled and matter spread out.
5. Galaxies formed as the universe continued to expand.
6. A key reason the Big Bang theory is widely accepted is that it explains several independent observations with one consistent story: the universe is expanding, it was hotter in the past, and traces of that hot early stage should still be detectable.

Expansion Implies A Hotter, Denser Past

1. If the universe is expanding now, then rewinding time means the universe was once smaller, denser, and therefore hotter.
2. This is the core logical step from Hubble's discovery to the Big Bang model.
3. A useful way to phrase the argument is:
   1. If all distances between galaxies increase with time (expansion),
   2. then in the past those distances were smaller,
   3. so matter and radiation were packed into a smaller volume,
   4. implying higher temperature and energy density.

Temperature and Density in the Early Universe

1. The Big Bang model predicts specific early conditions.
2. In the early universe, particles were extremely close together.
3. High density led to very high temperatures.
4. As the universe expanded:
   1. Particles moved farther apart
   2. Energy became less concentrated
5. These predictions can be tested using astronomical evidence.

The Cosmic Microwave Background Is A "Fossil" Of The Early Universe

1. Hubble's law is strong evidence, but science looks for multiple independent lines of evidence.
2. A major additional prediction is that a hot early universe should have left behind radiation that is still present today, but stretched to longer wavelengths by expansion.

What is CMBR?

1. A major discovery provided strong evidence for the Big Bang.
2. In 1964, scientists detected weak microwave radiation from all directions.
3. The radiation had nearly the same intensity everywhere.
4. It could not be explained by stars, galaxies, or Earth-based sources.
5. This radiation was identified as Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.

Origin of the CMBR

1. The CMBR formed when the universe became transparent.
2. About 400,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled enough for atoms to form.
3. Light could then travel freely through space.
4. As the universe expanded, the wavelength of this light was stretched.
5. The radiation shifted into the microwave region of the spectrum.

Why CMBR Supports the Big Bang Theory

1. CMBR matches predictions of the Big Bang model.
2. It comes from all directions equally.
3. Its wavelength corresponds to a cooled, expanding universe.
4. Alternative models could not explain this radiation.

The Future of the Universe

1. Scientists consider whether expansion will:
   1. Continue forever
   2. Slow down and reverse
2. Observations of distant supernovae suggest expansion is accelerating.

Scientific Models, Evidence, And Limits

1. The Big Bang theory is best understood as a scientific model: a simplified, testable description of reality that explains observations and makes predictions.
2. The Big Bang theory is widely accepted because it explains key observations.
   1. It explains galaxy red shift using the Doppler effect.
   2. It explains Hubble’s law and universal expansion.
   3. It explains the existence of CMBR.
   4. It makes predictions that match observations.

The Future Of The Universe Depends On Matter And Dark Energy

1. If the universe had a beginning, it is natural to ask how it ends.
2. Predictions depend on how much matter and energy the universe contains and how they affect expansion.

Evidence For Accelerating Expansion

1. Measurements of distant supernovae in 1998 suggested that expansion is not merely continuing, it is accelerating.
2. The unknown cause of this acceleration is often called dark energy, although its nature is not yet understood.