Social group types

Identity formation

Social norms

Group conflict

Political drivers

Military drivers

Economic drivers

Ideological drivers

Imperial governance

Administrative systems

Imperial economies

Social hierarchies

Expansion strategies

Internal instability

External pressures

Economic decline

Independence movements

Land-use change

Resource depletion

Pollution

Conservation strategies

Population growth

Demographic transition

Migration patterns

Urbanisation

Social impacts

Economic impacts

Urban structure

Environmental challenges

Social challenges

Sustainable planning

Scarcity

Resource allocation

Economic systems

Specialisation

Productivity

Opportunity cost

Global trade flows

Trade institutions

Fair trade

Economic interdependence

Development indicators

Human wellbeing

Development barriers

Renewable resources

Non-renewable resources

Risk and resilience

Environmental governance

Cultural worldviews

Scientific worldviews

Political worldviews