IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.2.2.2 Environmental Conditions Affecting External Forces on Objects Revision Notes (HL)

IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.2.2.2 Environmental Conditions Affecting External Forces on Objects Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Definition

Environmental conditions

External factors such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, water salinity, and altitude that affect the forces acting on objects and athletes during sport performance.

Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, air pressure, wind, salinity of water, and altitude significantly influence the forces acting on objects in motion.
These factors can alter the density of the medium (air or water), the magnitude of resistive forces like drag, and even the buoyancy experienced by objects.

Example

Imagine a soccer ball kicked at sea level versus one kicked at a high-altitude stadium. The ball at higher altitudes will travel farther due to reduced air resistance.

Temperature

Temperature affects the density of air and water, which in turn influences the forces acting on objects moving through these fluids.
Water between 25°C and 28°C reduces force on objects. However, water that is too cold can cause hypothermia, while water that is too warm can cause overheating.

Warmer air lowers density and reduces drag

Warmer air is less dense because molecules move faster and spread apart.
This reduces drag, allowing projectiles to travel farther.

Example

In baseball, a ball hit on a hot day travels farther than one hit in colder conditions due to reduced air resistance.

Note

While temperature affects fluid density, the variations are often small in typical athletic conditions (0–30°C).

Humidity

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air, which affects air density and drag.
Higher humidity lowers air density and drag
1. Higher humidity means more water vapor, which is lighter than the nitrogen and oxygen it displaces.
2. This reduces air density, decreasing drag on projectiles.

Example

A soccer ball kicked in humid conditions will experience less drag and travel farther than in dry air.

Tip

In exam answers, link higher humidity to lower air density, lower drag, and a greater projectile range.

Air pressure changes air density and drag

Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above.

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Definition

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Note

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Tip

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Definition

Environmental conditions

External factors such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, water salinity, and altitude that affect the forces acting on objects and athletes during sport performance.

Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, air pressure, wind, salinity of water, and altitude significantly influence the forces acting on objects in motion.
These factors can alter the density of the medium (air or water), the magnitude of resistive forces like drag, and even the buoyancy experienced by objects.

Example

Imagine a soccer ball kicked at sea level versus one kicked at a high-altitude stadium. The ball at higher altitudes will travel farther due to reduced air resistance.

Temperature

Temperature affects the density of air and water, which in turn influences the forces acting on objects moving through these fluids.
Water between 25°C and 28°C reduces force on objects. However, water that is too cold can cause hypothermia, while water that is too warm can cause overheating.

Warmer air lowers density and reduces drag

Warmer air is less dense because molecules move faster and spread apart.
This reduces drag, allowing projectiles to travel farther.

Example

In baseball, a ball hit on a hot day travels farther than one hit in colder conditions due to reduced air resistance.

Note

While temperature affects fluid density, the variations are often small in typical athletic conditions (0–30°C).

Humidity

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air, which affects air density and drag.
Higher humidity lowers air density and drag
1. Higher humidity means more water vapor, which is lighter than the nitrogen and oxygen it displaces.
2. This reduces air density, decreasing drag on projectiles.

Example

A soccer ball kicked in humid conditions will experience less drag and travel farther than in dry air.

Tip

In exam answers, link higher humidity to lower air density, lower drag, and a greater projectile range.

Air pressure changes air density and drag

Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the air above.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

IB Sports, exercise and health science B.2.2.2 Environmental Conditions Affecting External Forces on Objects Notes

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

Temperature

Warmer air lowers density and reduces drag

Humidity

Air pressure changes air density and drag

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Temperature

Warmer air lowers density and reduces drag

Humidity

Air pressure changes air density and drag

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account