IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.1.1.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Components and Their Functions Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Sports, exercise and health science Topic B.1.1.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Components and Their Functions Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

The Human Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular Components

Definition

Axial skeleton

The central core of bones that forms the body's longitudinal axis

Definition

Appendicular skeleton

The bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton, which include the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs.

The human body performs a wide range of movements through the coordinated action of bones, joints, and muscles.
The human skeleton serves as the structural framework of the body, supporting movement, protecting vital organs, and facilitating physiological processes like blood cell production.
It is divided into two major components:
1. Axial Skeleton - Forms the central core of the body.
2. Appendicular Skeleton - Comprises the limbs and structures associated with movement.

Common Mistake

Students often confuse which bones belong to which component.
Remember: if it's part of your arms, legs, or their attachments (shoulder/pelvic girdles), it's appendicular.
Everything else is axial.

The Axial Skeleton: The Central Framework

The axial skeleton includes 80 bones, divided into three major regions:

Skull (Cranium & Facial Bones)
1. Protects the brain and supports the facial structures.
2. Includes cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and facial bones (maxilla, mandible, zygomatic).
Vertebral Column (Spine)
1. Provides structural support and flexibility.
2. Consists of 33 vertebrae divided into five regions:
  1. Cervical (7): Supports the head and allows movement.
  2. Thoracic (12): Attaches to ribs, providing thoracic cage support.
  3. Lumbar (5): Bears most of the body's weight.
  4. Sacrum (5 fused): Connects the spine to the pelvis.
  5. Coccyx (4 fused): Forms the tailbone.
Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage & Sternum)
1. 12 pairs of ribs protect the heart and lungs.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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The Human Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular Components

Definition

Axial skeleton

The central core of bones that forms the body's longitudinal axis

Definition

Appendicular skeleton

The bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton, which include the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs.

The human body performs a wide range of movements through the coordinated action of bones, joints, and muscles.
The human skeleton serves as the structural framework of the body, supporting movement, protecting vital organs, and facilitating physiological processes like blood cell production.
It is divided into two major components:
1. Axial Skeleton - Forms the central core of the body.
2. Appendicular Skeleton - Comprises the limbs and structures associated with movement.

Common Mistake

Students often confuse which bones belong to which component.
Remember: if it's part of your arms, legs, or their attachments (shoulder/pelvic girdles), it's appendicular.
Everything else is axial.

The Axial Skeleton: The Central Framework

The axial skeleton includes 80 bones, divided into three major regions:

Skull (Cranium & Facial Bones)
1. Protects the brain and supports the facial structures.
2. Includes cranial bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) and facial bones (maxilla, mandible, zygomatic).
Vertebral Column (Spine)
1. Provides structural support and flexibility.
2. Consists of 33 vertebrae divided into five regions:
  1. Cervical (7): Supports the head and allows movement.
  2. Thoracic (12): Attaches to ribs, providing thoracic cage support.
  3. Lumbar (5): Bears most of the body's weight.
  4. Sacrum (5 fused): Connects the spine to the pelvis.
  5. Coccyx (4 fused): Forms the tailbone.
Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage & Sternum)
1. 12 pairs of ribs protect the heart and lungs.

Definition

Paywall

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

IB Sports, exercise and health science B.1.1.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Components and Their Functions Notes

A.1 Communication3 subtopics

A.2 Hydration and nutrition3 subtopics

A.3 Response3 subtopics

B.1 Generating movement in the body4 subtopics

B.2 Forces, motion and movement3 subtopics

B.3 Injury2 subtopics

C.1 Individual differences2 subtopics

C.2 Motor learning2 subtopics

C.3 Motivation3 subtopics

C.4 Stress and coping2 subtopics

C.5 Psychological skills2 subtopics

The Human Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular Components

The Axial Skeleton: The Central Framework

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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The Human Skeleton: Axial and Appendicular Components

The Axial Skeleton: The Central Framework

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account