IB Psychology Topic Cultural Dimensions Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Psychology Topic Cultural Dimensions Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Definition

Cultural Dimensions

Universal factors underlying cross-cultural differences in values and behaviors, identified through large-scale surveys and studies.

Example

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Individualist cultures prioritize personal goals and autonomy, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony and interdependence.

Other key dimensions include:

Power Distance Index (PDI): The extent to which a society accepts inequality in power and authority.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index: The degree to which cultures tolerate ambiguity and risk.
Masculinity vs. Femininity: Focus on achievement and competition (masculine) versus care and cooperation (feminine).
1. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: Preference for future-oriented pragmatism versus traditional, present-focused values.
2. Indulgence vs. Restraint: Societal tendencies toward the free or regulated gratification of desires.

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Case study

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Aim
To identify cultural dimensions underlying cross-national differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors.

Method and Procedure

Conducted a survey of values among 117,000 IBM employees across 70 countries (1967–1973).
Data analyzed using factor analysis to identify universal dimensions.

Results

Initially identified four dimensions (individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity).
Later expanded to include long-term orientation and indulgence/restraint.

Conclusion
These dimensions provide a robust framework for comparing cultural tendencies and their influence on behavior.

Evaluation

Factor analysis ensured the identified cultural dimensions were statistically derived rather than subjectively imposed. This strengthens the study’s construct validity.
Real-world workplace make the findings relevant.
Sampling bias as the study relied exclusively on IBM employees, which introduces a WEIRD bias (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic). This reduces its generalizability.
The model is reductionist as it simplifies culture into six broad dimensions, which may overlook more nuanced constructs.

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

Individualism:
1. Focus on the "I", autonomy, and personal achievement.
2. Loose social ties and prioritization of self and immediate family.

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Definition

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(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Note

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Definition

Cultural Dimensions

Universal factors underlying cross-cultural differences in values and behaviors, identified through large-scale surveys and studies.

Example

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Individualist cultures prioritize personal goals and autonomy, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony and interdependence.

Other key dimensions include:

Power Distance Index (PDI): The extent to which a society accepts inequality in power and authority.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index: The degree to which cultures tolerate ambiguity and risk.
Masculinity vs. Femininity: Focus on achievement and competition (masculine) versus care and cooperation (feminine).
1. Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: Preference for future-oriented pragmatism versus traditional, present-focused values.
2. Indulgence vs. Restraint: Societal tendencies toward the free or regulated gratification of desires.

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Case study

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Aim
To identify cultural dimensions underlying cross-national differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors.

Method and Procedure

Conducted a survey of values among 117,000 IBM employees across 70 countries (1967–1973).
Data analyzed using factor analysis to identify universal dimensions.

Results

Initially identified four dimensions (individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity).
Later expanded to include long-term orientation and indulgence/restraint.

Conclusion
These dimensions provide a robust framework for comparing cultural tendencies and their influence on behavior.

Evaluation

Factor analysis ensured the identified cultural dimensions were statistically derived rather than subjectively imposed. This strengthens the study’s construct validity.
Real-world workplace make the findings relevant.
Sampling bias as the study relied exclusively on IBM employees, which introduces a WEIRD bias (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic). This reduces its generalizability.
The model is reductionist as it simplifies culture into six broad dimensions, which may overlook more nuanced constructs.

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

Individualism:
1. Focus on the "I", autonomy, and personal achievement.
2. Loose social ties and prioritization of self and immediate family.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Note

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Tip

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Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
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IB Psychology Cultural Dimensions Notes

IB Psychology Cultural Dimensions Notes

Other key dimensions include:

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Other key dimensions include:

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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IB Psychology Cultural Dimensions Notes

Biological Approach4 subtopics

Cognitive Approach4 subtopics

Sociocultural Approach4 subtopics

Option 1: Abnormal Psychology3 subtopics

Option 2: Developmental Psychology3 subtopics

Option 3: Health Psychology3 subtopics

Option 4: Human Relationships3 subtopics

IB Psychology Cultural Dimensions Notes

Biological Approach4 subtopics

Cognitive Approach4 subtopics

Sociocultural Approach4 subtopics

Option 1: Abnormal Psychology3 subtopics

Option 2: Developmental Psychology3 subtopics

Option 3: Health Psychology3 subtopics

Option 4: Human Relationships3 subtopics

Other key dimensions include:

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Other key dimensions include:

Key Studies

Hofstede’s Dimensions

Hofstede’s Multinational Survey (1973)

Individualism vs. Collectivism and Behavior

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account