Observations
Naturalistic vs. Controlled Observation
- Naturalistic Observation : Observing behavior in its natural environment without interference.
- Controlled Observation : Conducted in a structured environment where variables can be controlled.
Note
Naturalistic Observations
- Strengths: High ecological validity; behavior is more likely to be authentic.
- Limitations: Less control over extraneous variables; harder to replicate.
Note
Controlled Observation
- Strengths: Greater control over variables; easier to replicate.
- Limitations: Lower ecological validity; participants may alter their behavior.
Overt vs. Covert Observation
- Overt Observation: Participants are aware they are being observed.
- Covert Observation: Participants are unaware they are being observed.
Note
Overt Observation
- Strengths: Ethically straightforward; easier to obtain consent.
- Limitations: Risk of demand characteristics (participants alter behavior).
Note
Covert Observation
- Strengths: Reduces demand characteristics; behavior is more natural.
- Limitations: Raises ethical concerns; difficult to obtain informed consent.
Participant vs. Non-Participant Observation
- Participant Observation: The researcher actively participates in the group being observed.
- Non-Participant Observation: The researcher does not interact with the group.
Note
Participant Observation
- Strengths: Provides insider insights; can build rapport with participants.
- Limitations: Risk of researcher bias; harder to remain objective.
Note
Non-Participant Observation
- Strengths: Maintains objectivity; less risk of influencing behavior.
- Limitations: May miss subtle details; less contextual understanding.
Possible Practical Examples
- How important is non-verbal communication in the first year of life?
- How does Theory of Mind change over time?
- How does identification with peers affect self-esteem?
