IB Physics Topic D.1.2 Orbital Motion and Kepler’s Laws Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Physics Topic D.1.2 Orbital Motion and Kepler’s Laws Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, Johannes Kepler formulated three laws that describe the motion of planets around the Sun.

These laws, derived from meticulous astronomical observations, laid the groundwork for our understanding of orbital dynamics.

Kepler’s First Law: Elliptical Orbits

Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.

An ellipse is a closed curve consisting of all points for which the sum of the distances to two fixed points called the foci is constant.
The Sun occupies one of these foci, not the center.
This means that the distance between a planet and the Sun varies as the planet orbits.

Example

The orbit of Earth is nearly circular, but comets like Halley’s Comet have highly elongated elliptical orbits.

Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Areas in Equal Times

A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.

This law implies that a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun (perihelion) and slower when it is farther away (aphelion).

Example

A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals as it orbits the Sun, in accordance with Kepler's second law.
This means that if a planet takes 30 days to travel from point A to point B near the Sun, the area swept out will be the same as the area swept out in 30 days when the planet is farther from the Sun, moving from point C to point D.
However, the planet moves faster when closer to the Sun and slower when farther away.

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IB Physics D.1.2 Orbital Motion and Kepler’s Laws Notes

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Law: Elliptical Orbits

Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Areas in Equal Times

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Law: Elliptical Orbits

Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Areas in Equal Times

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Topic A - Space, time and motion5 subtopics

Topic B - The particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Topic C - Wave behaviour5 subtopics

Topic D - Fields4 subtopics

Topic E - Nuclear and quantum physics5 subtopics

IB Physics D.1.2 Orbital Motion and Kepler’s Laws Notes

Topic A - Space, time and motion5 subtopics

Topic B - The particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Topic C - Wave behaviour5 subtopics

Topic D - Fields4 subtopics

Topic E - Nuclear and quantum physics5 subtopics

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Law: Elliptical Orbits

Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Areas in Equal Times

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s First Law: Elliptical Orbits

Kepler’s Second Law: Equal Areas in Equal Times

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