Waves
Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
They can be classified based on how the particles of the medium move relative to the direction of wave propagation.
In transverse waves, the particles of the medium oscillate perpendicularly to the direction of wave propagation.
In longitudinal waves, the particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
Longitudinal waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases because they rely on compressions and rarefactions, which all states of matter can support.
Compression
A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together, resulting in a high-pressure area. In sound waves, compressions correspond to regions of increased air density and pressure.
Rarefaction
A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are spread apart, resulting in a low-pressure area. In sound waves, rarefactions correspond to regions of decreased air density and pressure.
To fully describe a wave, we need to understand several key parameters:
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