IB Physics Topic B.1.2 Phase Changes and Energy Transfer Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Physics Topic B.1.2 Phase Changes and Energy Transfer Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

What Happens to Particles During Phase Changes?

During a phase change, a substance transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states.
These changes occur at a constant temperature, where energy is used to alter the arrangement of particles rather than their speed.

Tip

Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles, while phase changes involve changes in potential energy.

Melting and Freezing

Melting occurs when a solid becomes a liquid.
1. As energy is added, particles vibrate more vigorously until they overcome the forces holding them in fixed positions.
Conversely, freezing is the process where a liquid becomes a solid.
1. Energy is removed, causing particles to slow down and settle into a structured arrangement.

Example

When ice melts, the temperature remains at 0°C until all the ice has turned into water.
During this time, the energy added increases the potential energy of the particles, not their kinetic energy.

Boiling and Condensation

Boiling is the transition from liquid to gas.
1. At the boiling point, energy is used to break the intermolecular forces, allowing particles to move freely.
Condensation is the reverse process, where gas particles lose energy and form a liquid.

Note

Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a specific temperature, while evaporation happens only at the surface and can occur at any temperature.

Evaporation

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Note

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IB Physics B.1.2 Phase Changes and Energy Transfer Notes

What Happens to Particles During Phase Changes?

Melting and Freezing

Boiling and Condensation

Evaporation

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What Happens to Particles During Phase Changes?

Melting and Freezing

Boiling and Condensation

Evaporation

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Topic A - Space, time and motion5 subtopics

Topic B - The particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Topic C - Wave behaviour5 subtopics

Topic D - Fields4 subtopics

Topic E - Nuclear and quantum physics5 subtopics

IB Physics B.1.2 Phase Changes and Energy Transfer Notes

Topic A - Space, time and motion5 subtopics

Topic B - The particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Topic C - Wave behaviour5 subtopics

Topic D - Fields4 subtopics

Topic E - Nuclear and quantum physics5 subtopics

What Happens to Particles During Phase Changes?

Melting and Freezing

Boiling and Condensation

Evaporation

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

What Happens to Particles During Phase Changes?

Melting and Freezing

Boiling and Condensation

Evaporation

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account