4.1.1 Moral principles Notes

Moral Principles

Is Ethics More About Self-Interest or the Interests of Others?

1. Self-Interest: Ethics as self-interest suggests that moral actions are driven by personal gain or benefit.
2. Interests of Others: Ethics as concern for others emphasizes altruism, empathy, and the welfare of the community.

Doing the "Right Thing" and Doing the "Best Thing"

1. Doing the "Right Thing":
   1. Deontological Ethics: Focuses on following moral rules or duties, regardless of the consequences.
   2. Example: Telling the truth even if it causes harm.
2. Doing the "Best Thing":
   1. Consequentialist Ethics: Emphasizes outcomes and the overall good.
   2. Example: Lying to save a life.

The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number

Key Features:

1. Impartiality: Everyone's interests are considered equally.
2. Calculation: Weighing benefits and harms to determine the best action.

Duty and Dharma

1. Duty (Deontology):
   1. Focus: Moral obligations and rules.
   2. Example: Kant's categorical imperative, which requires acting according to universalizable maxims.
2. Dharma:
   1. Context: A key concept in Indian philosophy, encompassing duty, righteousness, and cosmic order.
   2. Example: In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna's duty as a warrior is framed as fulfilling his dharma, even in the face of personal conflict.

Balancing Self-Interest and Altruism

1. Ethical Egoism: Argues that individuals should act in their own self-interest.
2. Altruism: Prioritizes the well-being of others, often at personal cost.
3. Moral Theories:
   1. Utilitarianism: Balances self-interest and altruism by considering overall happiness.
   2. Kantian Ethics: Emphasizes duty to others, regardless of personal gain.