Scepticism
The Nature of Scepticism
Definition
Scepticism
Scepticism is a philosophical approach that questions the possibility of certain knowledge. It challenges our assumptions about what we can know and how we can know it.
- Epistemological Scepticism: Focuses on the nature and limits of knowledge.
- Global Scepticism: Doubts the possibility of knowing anything at all.
- Local Scepticism: Questions specific areas of knowledge, such as ethics or the external world.
Scepticism is not about denying knowledge but about questioning the grounds on which knowledge claims are made.
The Role of Certainty in Knowledge
- Certainty: The state of being free from doubt.
- Knowledge: Traditionally defined as justified true belief.
Key Question: Does knowledge require certainty, or can we know things even if there is a possibility of doubt?Tip
When exploring scepticism, consider how it challenges the foundations of knowledge rather than specific beliefs.
Realism, Scepticism, and Arguments from Illusion
Realism
Definition
Realism
Realism is the belief that the world exists independently of our perceptions or beliefs.
- Direct Realism: We perceive the world directly as it is.
- Indirect Realism: We perceive the world indirectly through mental representations.
Realism assumes that our perceptions generally correspond to reality, but scepticism challenges this assumption.
Arguments from Illusion
Definition
Arguments from illusion
Arguments from illusion highlight how our senses can deceive us, casting doubt on the reliability of perception.
