Question Type 1: Given some worded scenario of real-life data collection, outlining the characteristics of the data and possible problems Bootcamps

A university collects final exam scores from a single tutorial group to represent the entire course. Discuss the representativeness of the data, identify potential sampling flaws, and recommend an improved sampling design.

A study records hours of sleep per night for college students only during weekdays. Characterize the data, identify any biases, and recommend one way to capture full sleep patterns.

A survey of patients in a clinic records pain on a scale of 0–10 but gives no verbal anchors. Describe the scale type, potential measurement issues, and suggest how to improve reliability.

A transport department surveys mode of travel by handing out questionnaires at a train station entrance. Identify the data type, assess sampling bias, and suggest one alternative sampling method.

A market researcher samples weekly grocery expenditure by interviewing customers at one high‐end supermarket. Describe the sampling method, discuss its limitations, and suggest a sampling strategy to reflect citywide spending habits.

A city planner measures average commute times by surveying people waiting at a downtown bus stop at 8 am. Outline the data characteristics, evaluate the sampling technique, and propose two ways to reduce bias.

An online retailer analyzes customer satisfaction ratings (1–5 stars) from reviews posted on its website. Explain the data type, sampling approach, pitfalls, and propose one way to obtain more representative feedback.

Parents report their children’s daily mobile phone usage hours in a school survey. Outline the data type, potential reporting errors, and propose how to validate responses.

A meteorological station records temperature every hour but one sensor is known to read 2 °C too low. Classify the error type, discuss its impact on data, and recommend how to adjust recorded values.

A health study uses volunteer participants wearing fitness trackers to record daily steps. Characterize the data, critique the sampling method, and suggest one statistical correction for self‐selection bias.

In a rural clinic, blood pressure readings are taken from patients who walk in without appointment. Discuss the sampling frame, identify flaws, and suggest how to estimate true population blood pressure distribution.