The Roles of the USA and the USSR in the Origins of the Cold War
The USA: Wilsonian Idealism and American Exceptionalism
Wilsonian Idealism
- Wilsonian Idealism refers to the belief in promoting democracy, self-determination, and international cooperation.
- Atlantic Charter (1941): The USA and UK outlined goals for a post-war world, emphasizing self-determination and economic cooperation.
- United Nations: The USA championed the creation of the UN as a platform for global governance and peacekeeping.
American Exceptionalism is the belief that the USA has a unique role in promoting freedom and democracy worldwide. This shaped US foreign policy during and after WWII.
Economic Influence
- Marshall Plan (1947): The USA provided economic aid to rebuild Europe, aiming to prevent the spread of communism by stabilizing economies.
- Bretton Woods System: Established institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to promote global economic stability under US leadership.
The Marshall Plan was not just about economic aid. It was a strategic move to create a unified, prosperous Europe aligned with Western values.
Military and Strategic Policies
- Truman Doctrine (1947): Committed the USA to contain communism, starting with aid to Greece and Turkey.
- NATO (1949): A military alliance to counter Soviet aggression in Europe.
The Truman Doctrine marked a shift from isolationism to active involvement in global affairs, setting the stage for the Cold War.
The USSR: Security and Expansionism
Security Concerns
- Buffer Zones: The USSR sought to create a buffer of friendly states in Eastern Europe to prevent future invasions.
- Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: Stalin demanded control over Eastern Europe, citing security needs.
The USSR had been invaded multiple times in its history. This shaped its desire for buffer zones as a defensive strategy.
