Decolonization and the Rise of Nationalism
French Colonial Rule
- Strategic Importance: Indo-China was valued for its strategic location and resources like rubber.
- Colonial Exploitation: The French imposed harsh economic and social policies, fueling resentment among the Vietnamese.
The Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, emerged as a nationalist and communist movement, gaining support by opposing both French and Japanese occupiers during World War II.
The Impact of World War II
- Japanese Occupation: Weakened French control and empowered the Viet Minh.
- Declaration of Independence: On 2 September 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic People's Republic of Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh initially hoped for U.S. support, but the emergence of the Cold War shifted American policy against communist movements.
The First Indo-China War (1946–1954)
Viet Minh Strategy
- Guerrilla Warfare: Led by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, the Viet Minh focused on gaining peasant support and building a strong army.
- Chinese Support: After 1949, the Viet Minh received military aid from China, including heavy artillery.
The Viet Minh's success in mobilizing rural populations was key to their victory over the French.
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu
- French Strategy: The French occupied Dien Bien Phu to disrupt Viet Minh supply routes.
- Viet Minh Victory: Giáp's forces surrounded the French, leading to their surrender on 7 May 1954.
This defeat marked the end of French colonial rule in Vietnam.
The Geneva Accords and Division of Vietnam
Key Provisions
- Ceasefire Line: Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel.
- Elections: Planned for 1956 to reunify the country.
The Accords were non-binding, and elections were never held, setting the stage for further conflict.
Emergence of Two States
- North Vietnam: Led by Ho Chi Minh, focused on consolidating communist power.
