IB History Topic Brown Versus Board of Education Decision Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Brown Versus Board of Education Decision Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
It overturned the legal foundation of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in education, rejecting “separate but equal” and paving the way for more legal opposition to Jim Crow.
The case was the culmination of decades of NAACP legal strategy, led by Charles Hamilton Houston and later Thurgood Marshall. Their arguments were guided by the 1930 Margold Report, which showed that segregation always produced inequality.

Note

The Margold Report (1930)

Written by Nathan Ross Margold, a Harvard-educated lawyer, and commissioned by the NAACP under Walter White’s leadership.
Proposed a comprehensive legal plan to attack racial segregation in education through the court system.
Margold’s central idea was not to directly challenge the constitutionality of segregation, which was entrenched by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Instead, he aimed to target the unequal implementation of “separate but equal.” He observed that Black schools were consistently underfunded, overcrowded, poorly maintained, and staffed with underpaid teachers compared to white schools.
The strategy proposed forcing Southern states to uphold the “equal” part of “separate but equal.”
- Margold anticipated that the economic burden of maintaining equal facilities would push states to abandon segregation altogether.
The report laid out a gradualist legal strategy: build precedents by suing states for failing to provide equal facilities, then use those precedents to attack the foundation of segregation itself.

Precedent Cases That Weakened “Separate but Equal”

Cases such as Murray v. Maryland (1936), Gaines v. Missouri (1938), Sweatt v. Painter (1950), and McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950) chipped away at the legitimacy of “separate but equal,” especially in higher education.
These cases proved that even well-funded segregated schools denied equal experiences and opportunities to Black students.

Tip

How U.S. Courts Use Precedent

In the U.S., court cases that advance equality and rights are based on jurisprudence (prior similar cases).
The U.S. judiciary operates under a common law system, where laws evolve through judicial precedent rather than a fixed legal code.
Courts interpret the Constitution and prior rulings to decide new cases. This system contrasts with civil law systems, which rely strictly on codified statutes.
For this Prescribed Topic, you do not need to know every individual case the NAACP cited. What matters is that Brown v. Board (1954) was the culmination of years of NAACP legal strategy built on precedent.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
It overturned the legal foundation of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in education, rejecting “separate but equal” and paving the way for more legal opposition to Jim Crow.
The case was the culmination of decades of NAACP legal strategy, led by Charles Hamilton Houston and later Thurgood Marshall. Their arguments were guided by the 1930 Margold Report, which showed that segregation always produced inequality.

Note

The Margold Report (1930)

Written by Nathan Ross Margold, a Harvard-educated lawyer, and commissioned by the NAACP under Walter White’s leadership.
Proposed a comprehensive legal plan to attack racial segregation in education through the court system.
Margold’s central idea was not to directly challenge the constitutionality of segregation, which was entrenched by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Instead, he aimed to target the unequal implementation of “separate but equal.” He observed that Black schools were consistently underfunded, overcrowded, poorly maintained, and staffed with underpaid teachers compared to white schools.
The strategy proposed forcing Southern states to uphold the “equal” part of “separate but equal.”
- Margold anticipated that the economic burden of maintaining equal facilities would push states to abandon segregation altogether.
The report laid out a gradualist legal strategy: build precedents by suing states for failing to provide equal facilities, then use those precedents to attack the foundation of segregation itself.

Precedent Cases That Weakened “Separate but Equal”

Cases such as Murray v. Maryland (1936), Gaines v. Missouri (1938), Sweatt v. Painter (1950), and McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950) chipped away at the legitimacy of “separate but equal,” especially in higher education.
These cases proved that even well-funded segregated schools denied equal experiences and opportunities to Black students.

Tip

How U.S. Courts Use Precedent

In the U.S., court cases that advance equality and rights are based on jurisprudence (prior similar cases).
The U.S. judiciary operates under a common law system, where laws evolve through judicial precedent rather than a fixed legal code.
Courts interpret the Constitution and prior rulings to decide new cases. This system contrasts with civil law systems, which rely strictly on codified statutes.
For this Prescribed Topic, you do not need to know every individual case the NAACP cited. What matters is that Brown v. Board (1954) was the culmination of years of NAACP legal strategy built on precedent.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Brown Versus Board of Education Decision Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954)

Precedent Cases That Weakened “Separate but Equal”

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954)

Precedent Cases That Weakened “Separate but Equal”

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account