IB History Topic Increasing Violence: the Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Increasing Violence: the Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Increasing Violence: The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle

The Sharpeville Massacre marked a turning point in the anti-apartheid struggle.
1. On 21 March 1960, police opened fire on a peaceful crowd protesting pass laws in Sharpeville, killing 69 unarmed people and injuring 186.
2. The brutality of the massacre shocked the world and forced the ANC to reconsider its non-violent approach to resistance.
The rise of Africanist ideology led to a major split in the liberation movement.
1. Dissatisfied with the ANC’s multiracial approach, Africanist members had broken away in 1959 to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), advocating for Black self-reliance and a return of land and power to indigenous Africans.

Case study

The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

The PAC was formed in 1959 by Africanist members who split from the African National Congress (ANC), believing the ANC had become too influenced by non-African groups and white communists.
The PAC promoted the idea that South Africa rightfully belonged to its Black majority and rejected multiracial alliances, emphasizing African self-reliance, unity, and cultural identity.
The party’s founding president, Robert Sobukwe, was a charismatic and principled leader who advocated for non-violent protest, such as the anti-pass campaign that led to the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.
Compared to the ANC at the time, the PAC pursued a more direct and assertive strategy, often organizing separate protests and emphasizing immediate mass action against apartheid policies.

What happened?

The ANC was preparing an anti-pass protest for June 1960 in Sharpeville, a township 60 kilometers (37 miles) south of Johannesburg, heavily populated and industrialized.
The PAC pre-empted it by organizing their own demonstration on 21 March. Protesters were to show up at police stations without their pass books and offer themselves for arrest.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Increasing Violence: The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle

The Sharpeville Massacre marked a turning point in the anti-apartheid struggle.
1. On 21 March 1960, police opened fire on a peaceful crowd protesting pass laws in Sharpeville, killing 69 unarmed people and injuring 186.
2. The brutality of the massacre shocked the world and forced the ANC to reconsider its non-violent approach to resistance.
The rise of Africanist ideology led to a major split in the liberation movement.
1. Dissatisfied with the ANC’s multiracial approach, Africanist members had broken away in 1959 to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), advocating for Black self-reliance and a return of land and power to indigenous Africans.

Case study

The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

The PAC was formed in 1959 by Africanist members who split from the African National Congress (ANC), believing the ANC had become too influenced by non-African groups and white communists.
The PAC promoted the idea that South Africa rightfully belonged to its Black majority and rejected multiracial alliances, emphasizing African self-reliance, unity, and cultural identity.
The party’s founding president, Robert Sobukwe, was a charismatic and principled leader who advocated for non-violent protest, such as the anti-pass campaign that led to the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.
Compared to the ANC at the time, the PAC pursued a more direct and assertive strategy, often organizing separate protests and emphasizing immediate mass action against apartheid policies.

What happened?

The ANC was preparing an anti-pass protest for June 1960 in Sharpeville, a township 60 kilometers (37 miles) south of Johannesburg, heavily populated and industrialized.
The PAC pre-empted it by organizing their own demonstration on 21 March. Protesters were to show up at police stations without their pass books and offer themselves for arrest.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Increasing Violence: the Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

Increasing Violence: The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle

The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

What happened?

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Increasing Violence: The Sharpeville Massacre (1960) and the Decision to Adopt the Armed Struggle

The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)

What happened?

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account