Notes for Non-violent protests: bus boycotts - IB | RevisionDojo
Non-violent protests: bus boycotts Notes
Nonviolent Protest – Bus Boycotts
In the 1950s, nonviolent protests like bus boycotts and the Defiance Campaign used mass action and civil disobedience to challenge apartheid laws.
Organized resistance against apartheid in the 1950s had two phases:
Early 1950s: more peaceful, relying on boycotts and political pressure.
Late 1950s: frustration led to more assertive and sometimes violent methods.
Opposition to apartheid did not emerge suddenly – discrimination and racist laws had existed since the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, and non-whites already had traditions of political organization.
Even before apartheid officially began in 1948, Black South Africans frequently protested bus fare hikes, with major boycotts in the 1940s.
Example: in 1944, over 20,000 commuters joined a boycott, walking instead of taking buses.
Boycotts were often spontaneous reactions to fare increases, rooted in poverty, low wages, and joblessness in Black townships.
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The Roots of Bus Boycotts in South Africa
Economic Hardship: Low wages and high unemployment in Black townships made even small fare increases unaffordable.
Spontaneous Origins: Boycotts were often unplanned, emerging as grassroots responses to fare hikes by bus companies.
Community Organization: Activists and community leaders formed committees to negotiate with bus companies and coordinate protests.
ExampleIn 1944, a boycott in Johannesburg involved over 20,000 people, forcing the bus company to reverse fare increases.
