IB History Topic Rise of National Identity in China Revision Notes (HL)

IB History Topic Rise of National Identity in China Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

The Republic and the Failure of Political Unity

The Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911, ending imperial rule and leading to the establishment of the Republic of China (1912) under Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen).
Sun’s political philosophy, the Three Principles of the People—nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood sought to modernize China and free it from imperial domination.
However, Sun lacked military support and ceded the presidency to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general, in hopes of securing national unity.
Yuan Shikai soon abandoned republicanism, attempting to restore monarchy in 1915 and crown himself emperor, which alienated reformers and regional leaders.
After Yuan’s death in 1916, China fragmented into regions ruled by warlords, each maintaining private armies and taxing local populations.
This Warlord Era (1916–1928) fostered instability but also intensified nationalist sentiment, as intellectuals called for modernization and unity.

Definition

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yixian’s political doctrine emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and economic welfare.

Definition

Warlordism

System of regional military rule that emerged after Yuan Shikai’s death, weakening central authority.

Case study

Yuan Shikai and the Crisis of Republicanism

Political Legacy

Yuan’s reliance on military power over democratic institutions discredited the new republic.
His dissolution of the National Assembly (1914) and self-coronation attempt (1915–1916) revealed the fragility of republican ideals.
Opposition from provincial governors, the army, and foreign powers forced Yuan to abandon the imperial title.
His death in 1916 left a power vacuum that fragmented China and eroded trust in centralized government.

Impact on National Identity

The failure of early republican leadership convinced many Chinese that political modernization required moral renewal and intellectual transformation.
Disillusionment with warlord rule encouraged new movements seeking to redefine China’s identity through culture, education, and ideology.

Foreign Pressure and National Humiliation (1915–1919)

During World War I, Japan exploited China’s weakness, issuing the Twenty-One Demands (1915), which sought to expand Japanese influence over Manchuria, Shandong, and China’s economy.
Yuan Shikai’s acceptance of most demands under Japanese pressure triggered widespread anti-Japanese protestsand revived nationalism.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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The Republic and the Failure of Political Unity

The Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911, ending imperial rule and leading to the establishment of the Republic of China (1912) under Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen).
Sun’s political philosophy, the Three Principles of the People—nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood sought to modernize China and free it from imperial domination.
However, Sun lacked military support and ceded the presidency to Yuan Shikai, a powerful general, in hopes of securing national unity.
Yuan Shikai soon abandoned republicanism, attempting to restore monarchy in 1915 and crown himself emperor, which alienated reformers and regional leaders.
After Yuan’s death in 1916, China fragmented into regions ruled by warlords, each maintaining private armies and taxing local populations.
This Warlord Era (1916–1928) fostered instability but also intensified nationalist sentiment, as intellectuals called for modernization and unity.

Definition

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yixian’s political doctrine emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and economic welfare.

Definition

Warlordism

System of regional military rule that emerged after Yuan Shikai’s death, weakening central authority.

Case study

Yuan Shikai and the Crisis of Republicanism

Political Legacy

Yuan’s reliance on military power over democratic institutions discredited the new republic.
His dissolution of the National Assembly (1914) and self-coronation attempt (1915–1916) revealed the fragility of republican ideals.
Opposition from provincial governors, the army, and foreign powers forced Yuan to abandon the imperial title.
His death in 1916 left a power vacuum that fragmented China and eroded trust in centralized government.

Impact on National Identity

The failure of early republican leadership convinced many Chinese that political modernization required moral renewal and intellectual transformation.
Disillusionment with warlord rule encouraged new movements seeking to redefine China’s identity through culture, education, and ideology.

Foreign Pressure and National Humiliation (1915–1919)

During World War I, Japan exploited China’s weakness, issuing the Twenty-One Demands (1915), which sought to expand Japanese influence over Manchuria, Shandong, and China’s economy.
Yuan Shikai’s acceptance of most demands under Japanese pressure triggered widespread anti-Japanese protestsand revived nationalism.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Rise of National Identity in China Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

The Republic and the Failure of Political Unity

Yuan Shikai and the Crisis of Republicanism

Foreign Pressure and National Humiliation (1915–1919)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

The Republic and the Failure of Political Unity

Yuan Shikai and the Crisis of Republicanism

Foreign Pressure and National Humiliation (1915–1919)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account