Crusades were framed as holy wars against infidels
Jews were lumped together with Muslims as “enemies of Christ.”
Papal calls to arms encouraged religious fervor that easily spilled over into violence at home.
Crusaders saw Jewish wealth as both an economic prize and a way of “purifying” Europe before marching east.
Anti-Semitism and scapegoating
Church doctrine reinforced the “otherness” of Jews.
Jews were forced into segregated roles in society (moneylending, tax collecting) that made them easy scapegoats during social and economic crises.
Monarchs and nobles often endorsed persecution when it was politically or financially advantageous (e.g., seizure of Jewish property).
Popular anti-Semitism often erupted in pogroms and riots, which authorities sometimes tolerated or even encouraged.
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How many Jews were killed in the Strasbourg Massacre?
