IB History Topic Pakistan 1947–1991 Revision Notes (HL)

IB History Topic Pakistan 1947–1991 Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Early Nation-Building and Leadership Challenges

Pakistan faced immense difficulties after independence, including weak institutions, territorial disputes and the loss of its founding leader.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founder, died in 1948, leaving a fragile state without a strong succession plan.
The new nation struggled to integrate diverse provinces with different ethnic, cultural and linguistic identities.
The early bureaucracy and military became dominant due to weak political parties and unstable civilian governments.
Economic imbalance between agriculture and limited industrial development slowed long-term growth.
Refugee influx from India created social strain, resource shortages and administrative challenges.

Definition

Dominion status

Semi-independent status within the British Commonwealth.

Definition

Civil-military imbalance

Situation where the military becomes more powerful than civilian institutions.

Case study

The Bengali Language Movement (1948–1952)

Roots of the Movement

The central government declared Urdu the sole national language, ignoring the fact that most Pakistanis spoke Bangla.
Bengalis viewed this as cultural oppression and symbolic of political inequality.
Students and intellectuals organized mass protests demanding recognition of Bangla.
Government repression increased anger and strengthened Bengali nationalism.
Language became the foundation of political mobilization in East Pakistan.

Impact and Legacy

Police shootings on 21 February 1952 turned the movement into a symbol of resistance.
The government eventually recognized Bangla as a state language in 1956.
The conflict deepened mistrust between the two wings of Pakistan.
The movement later inspired broader autonomy demands and resistance to military rule.
It became a precursor to the independence struggle leading to Bangladesh in 1971.

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Early Nation-Building and Leadership Challenges

Pakistan faced immense difficulties after independence, including weak institutions, territorial disputes and the loss of its founding leader.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founder, died in 1948, leaving a fragile state without a strong succession plan.
The new nation struggled to integrate diverse provinces with different ethnic, cultural and linguistic identities.
The early bureaucracy and military became dominant due to weak political parties and unstable civilian governments.
Economic imbalance between agriculture and limited industrial development slowed long-term growth.
Refugee influx from India created social strain, resource shortages and administrative challenges.

Definition

Dominion status

Semi-independent status within the British Commonwealth.

Definition

Civil-military imbalance

Situation where the military becomes more powerful than civilian institutions.

Case study

The Bengali Language Movement (1948–1952)

Roots of the Movement

The central government declared Urdu the sole national language, ignoring the fact that most Pakistanis spoke Bangla.
Bengalis viewed this as cultural oppression and symbolic of political inequality.
Students and intellectuals organized mass protests demanding recognition of Bangla.
Government repression increased anger and strengthened Bengali nationalism.
Language became the foundation of political mobilization in East Pakistan.

Impact and Legacy

Police shootings on 21 February 1952 turned the movement into a symbol of resistance.
The government eventually recognized Bangla as a state language in 1956.
The conflict deepened mistrust between the two wings of Pakistan.
The movement later inspired broader autonomy demands and resistance to military rule.
It became a precursor to the independence struggle leading to Bangladesh in 1971.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Pakistan 1947–1991 Notes

Early Nation-Building and Leadership Challenges

The Bengali Language Movement (1948–1952)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Early Nation-Building and Leadership Challenges

The Bengali Language Movement (1948–1952)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics