IB History Topic Key Political Developments Revision Notes (HL)

IB History Topic Key Political Developments Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

The Aftermath of the First World War and the Amritsar Massacre (1919)

India contributed over one million soldiers to the First World War and expected political rewards in return.
Instead, Britain imposed the Rowlatt Acts (1919), extending wartime emergency powers such as arrest without trial.
The Acts caused outrage among Indians who had supported the war effort in good faith.
Peaceful protests led by Gandhi and local leaders were met with violence in Amritsar, Punjab.
The Amritsar Massacre (13 April 1919) marked a turning point, convincing many that British rule could not be reformed but had to be replaced.

Definition

The Rowlatt Acts (1919)

Oppressive British laws in India that allowed the colonial government to imprison any person suspected of sedition or "terrorist activities" for up to two years without a trial or judicial review.

Definition

Amritsar Massacre

British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians

Case study

Causes and Events

Protests against the Rowlatt Acts gathered in Amritsar, where thousands of unarmed civilians met in Jallianwala Bagh.
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the crowd without warning.
The firing lasted about ten minutes, killing nearly 400 people (official estimate) and injuring over 1,000.
Dyer claimed his actions were meant to “produce a moral effect” and prevent rebellion.

Consequences and Significance

The massacre destroyed any remaining Indian trust in British promises of fairness.
The Hunter Commission condemned Dyer’s actions, but many Britons supported him, deepening Indian resentment.
Gandhi suspended cooperation with the British and began organizing mass non-violent resistance.
The event radicalized Indian politics, transforming the nationalist movement from elite-led petitions to mass mobilization.

The Government of India Act (1919) and the Simon Commission (1928)

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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The Aftermath of the First World War and the Amritsar Massacre (1919)

India contributed over one million soldiers to the First World War and expected political rewards in return.
Instead, Britain imposed the Rowlatt Acts (1919), extending wartime emergency powers such as arrest without trial.
The Acts caused outrage among Indians who had supported the war effort in good faith.
Peaceful protests led by Gandhi and local leaders were met with violence in Amritsar, Punjab.
The Amritsar Massacre (13 April 1919) marked a turning point, convincing many that British rule could not be reformed but had to be replaced.

Definition

The Rowlatt Acts (1919)

Oppressive British laws in India that allowed the colonial government to imprison any person suspected of sedition or "terrorist activities" for up to two years without a trial or judicial review.

Definition

Amritsar Massacre

British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians

Case study

Causes and Events

Protests against the Rowlatt Acts gathered in Amritsar, where thousands of unarmed civilians met in Jallianwala Bagh.
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the crowd without warning.
The firing lasted about ten minutes, killing nearly 400 people (official estimate) and injuring over 1,000.
Dyer claimed his actions were meant to “produce a moral effect” and prevent rebellion.

Consequences and Significance

The massacre destroyed any remaining Indian trust in British promises of fairness.
The Hunter Commission condemned Dyer’s actions, but many Britons supported him, deepening Indian resentment.
Gandhi suspended cooperation with the British and began organizing mass non-violent resistance.
The event radicalized Indian politics, transforming the nationalist movement from elite-led petitions to mass mobilization.

The Government of India Act (1919) and the Simon Commission (1928)

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Key Political Developments Notes

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

The Aftermath of the First World War and the Amritsar Massacre (1919)

Causes and Events

Consequences and Significance

The Government of India Act (1919) and the Simon Commission (1928)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

The Aftermath of the First World War and the Amritsar Massacre (1919)

Causes and Events

Consequences and Significance

The Government of India Act (1919) and the Simon Commission (1928)

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account