IB History Topic Leaders - Kennedy Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB History Topic Leaders - Kennedy Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Key Questions

How did Kennedy contribute to an increase in tensions 1961-63?
In what way did Kennedy contribute to a decrease in Cold War tensions 1961-63?

Tip

You may be required to evaluate the role two leaders on the course of the Cold War.
Be prepared to compare the impact of Kennedy with that of another leader, by discussing how he both increased and decreased Cold War tensions.

1. Background and Overall Approach to the Cold War

John F. Kennedy became US president in 1961, at a time of heightened Cold War tension following the collapse of peaceful coexistence and growing crises in Berlin, Cuba, and the developing world.
Kennedy believed strongly in containment and was determined to prevent the spread of communism, particularly after the perceived failures of the Eisenhower years.
He also recognised the dangers of nuclear war and believed that Cold War competition needed to be carefully managed to avoid direct superpower conflict.

2. Ways JFK Increased Cold War Tensions

Kennedy adopted a policy of flexible response, which expanded US military options and increased spending on conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and special forces.
This policy intensified the arms race, as the USSR responded by expanding its own military capabilities.
In 1961, Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion, a failed attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, which humiliated the USA and increased hostility with both Cuba and the USSR.
The invasion pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, directly contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit.

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Key Questions

How did Kennedy contribute to an increase in tensions 1961-63?
In what way did Kennedy contribute to a decrease in Cold War tensions 1961-63?

Tip

You may be required to evaluate the role two leaders on the course of the Cold War.
Be prepared to compare the impact of Kennedy with that of another leader, by discussing how he both increased and decreased Cold War tensions.

1. Background and Overall Approach to the Cold War

John F. Kennedy became US president in 1961, at a time of heightened Cold War tension following the collapse of peaceful coexistence and growing crises in Berlin, Cuba, and the developing world.
Kennedy believed strongly in containment and was determined to prevent the spread of communism, particularly after the perceived failures of the Eisenhower years.
He also recognised the dangers of nuclear war and believed that Cold War competition needed to be carefully managed to avoid direct superpower conflict.

2. Ways JFK Increased Cold War Tensions

Kennedy adopted a policy of flexible response, which expanded US military options and increased spending on conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and special forces.
This policy intensified the arms race, as the USSR responded by expanding its own military capabilities.
In 1961, Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion, a failed attempt by US-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, which humiliated the USA and increased hostility with both Cuba and the USSR.
The invasion pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, directly contributing to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics

IB History Leaders - Kennedy Notes

Key Questions

1. Background and Overall Approach to the Cold War

2. Ways JFK Increased Cold War Tensions

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Key Questions

1. Background and Overall Approach to the Cold War

2. Ways JFK Increased Cold War Tensions

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Paper 1 - The Move to Global War6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Rights and Protest6 subtopics

Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention6 subtopics

Paper 2 - Independence Movements5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States5 subtopics

Paper 2 - Authoritarian States7 subtopics

Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars4 subtopics

Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries4 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Europe18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of the Americas18 subtopics

Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania18 subtopics